This book is designed to introduce the reader to the field of NMR/MRI at very low magnetic fields, from milli-Tesla to micro-Tesla, the ultra-low field (ULF) regime. The book is focused on applications to imaging the human brain, and hardware methods primarily based upon pre-polarization methods and SQUID-based detection. The goal of the text is to provide insight and tools for the reader to better understand what applications are best served by ULF NMR/MRI approaches. A discussion of the hardware challenges, such as shielding, operation of SQUID sensors in a dynamic field environment, and pulsed magnetic field generation are presented. One goal of the text is to provide the reader a framework of understanding the approaches to estimation and mitigation of low signal-to-noise and long imaging time, which are the main challenges. Special attention is paid to the combination of MEG and ULF MRI, and the benefits and challenges presented by trying to accomplish both with the same hardware. The book discusses the origin of unique relaxation contrast at ULF, and special considerations for image artifacts and how to correct them (i.e. concomitant gradients, ghost artifacts). A general discussion of MRI, with special consideration to the challenges of imaging at ULF and unique opportunities in pulse sequences, is presented. The book also presents an overview of some of the primary applications of ULF NMR/MRI being pursued.
This book covers topics in NMR/MRI at magnetic fields from milli-Tesla to micro-Tesla, the ultra-low field (ULF) regime, with an emphasis on imaging and understanding the human using its applications. Discussion of hardware considerations, relaxation contrast, imaging, artifact correction, and other applications unique to the ULF regime are presented.
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Collected Papers of P. L. Kapitza brings together the collected papers of Soviet physicist P. L. Kapitza in areas such as the viscosity of liquid helium below the λ-point; the Zeeman and Paschen-Back effects in strong magnetic fields; the influence of friction forces on the stability of high-speed rotors; heat transfer in helium II; and the formation of sea waves by the wind. Kapitza's other papers explore heat transfer in a two-dimensional turbulent flow; dynamical stability of a pendulum when its point of suspension vibrates; and the hydrodynamic theory of lubrication in the presence of rolling. This volume is comprised of 25 chapters and begins with an analysis of Kapitza's research on the viscosity of liquid helium below the λ-point, followed by his studies on the Zeeman and Paschen-Back effects in strong magnetic fields; liquefaction of air at low pressures; heat transfer and superfluidity in helium II; and the flow of thin viscous fluid layers under the action of a constant volume force, taking into account the surface tension. A pendulum with a vibrating suspension is also described, along with heat conductivity and diffusion in liquid medium under periodic flow conditions; the nature of ball-lightning; and symmetric electric oscillations of a perfectly conducting hollow cylinder of finite length. This book will be helpful to physicists and physics students.
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