The assessment and evaluation of tree condition and vitality is an essential part of the ICP Forests monitoring programme. Due to the complex structure of forest ecosystems, a number of different indicators of tree condition are adopted. In this chapter, they are described also in terms of their ecological relevance. Special emphasis is laid on biotic agents affecting forest ecosystems and explaining tree responses to stressors. For operational reasons, definitions and recommendations for the use of the indicators are given. Tree condition assessment in forest monitoring is closely linked to field measures of Quality Assurance and Control. Examples of results show that the methods currently used in tree condition monitoring are sensitive to detect the effects of climate change on forests and identifying main spatial and temporal patterns and damaging agents.
Vegetation-related response variables adopted in the ICP Forests are related to health, growth, phenology, and diversity. Their assessment and measurement is subject to errors, which need to be controlled and documented. To do this, data quality requirements (DQRs) and intercomparison exercises were implemented. During 2009 and 2010, 111–260 field crews took part in different exercises organized across Europe. Results revealed that, while for some variables (e.g., tree diameter, standing basal area, ozone injury, species diversity) DQRs were substantially achieved, problems still exist for other measurements/calculations (tree height, volume and increment, crown base height, crown symptoms identification and description). In some cases, achievement of DRQs was partly due to relaxed DQRs. While the recent progresses in Quality Assurance/Quality Control for field surveys are promising, further effort is necessary to sharpen DQRs, refine standard operating procedures, and reinforce training.
According to the ancient Greek geographer Ptolemy, the Parisi tribe occupied the area of the present-day East Riding of Yorkshire during the Roman period. Over the last few decades our understanding of this region and its inhabitants has been transformed through the work of research projects, archaeological investigation, and even chance finds. Discoveries including the Hasholme logboat, chariot burials, hoards of Iron Age gold coins and Roman settlements and villas have all helped to develop our knowledge of this area and provide a fascinating insight into the lives of a local tribe and the impact of Rome on their development. Peter Halkon tells this captivating story of the history of the archaeology of the Parisi, from the initial investigations in the sixteenth century right through to modern-day investigations.
Environmental Archaeology: Theoretical and Practical Approaches outlines and assesses the various methods used to reconstruct and explain the past interaction between people and their environment. Emphasising the importance of a highly scientific approach to the subject, the book combines geoarchaeological, bioarchaeological (archaeobotany and zooarchaeology) and geochronological information and examines how these various aspects of archaeology may be used to enhance our knowledge and understanding of past human environments. Drawing from both the practical experiences of the authors and cutting-edge research, Environmental Archaeology: Theoretical and Practical Approaches is a valuable contribution to the subject. It will be essential reading for students and professionals in archaeology, geography and anthropology.
Cholestatic liver diseases, such as primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), represent an important group of liver diseases of the intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts frequently causing end-stage liver disease with significant morbidity and mortality due to limited treatment options. The limitations of the currently available medical therapy largely reflect our deficits in understanding the pathophysiology of cholestatic liver diseases. Therefore, there is an urgent need for reliable, well-defined and easily reproducible animal models to gain insights into the PSC and PBC pathophysiology and to test novel treatment modalities. We aimed to provide a systematic overview of currently available animal models for sclerosing cholangitis and biliary fibrosis and critically discuss the characteristics of rodent models for PSC and PBC, models of experimental biliary obstruction, models of inflammation-induced cholestasis, as well as models of inherited cholestatic syndromes.
This work covers effectively all aspects of drug-induced pathology that may be encountered within preclinical toxicity studies. It fills a gap in the pathology literature relating to the preclinical safety assessment of new medicines. It systematically describes, in one volume, both spontaneous and drug induced pathology on an organ by organ basis. Information relevant to understanding the nature of pathological changes in pre-clinical studies and assessment of their relevance to the clinical investigation of new drugs is also covered. Numerous colour photographs are included that highlight and embellish the histopathological features that are described. It also contains many pertinent references to both human and animal pathology forming an essential basis for the assessment of drug-induced pathology.NEW TO THE THIRD EDITION:* Covers drug induced pathology in preclinical (animal) studies and their relevance for patients or volunteers in clinical studies* General comments to each chapter about the relevance of pathological findings to humans* Provides essential information that can help decide the relevance of particular lesions for patients
Deliver impressive enterprise-grade applications using the Salesforce Platform with the help of established architectural patterns and best developer practices. Key FeaturesUse the latest capabilities of the Salesforce Platform to code robust apps and web experiences, with an extended focus on Lightning Web ComponentsBranch out to Java, Node.js, and other languages with a new chapter exploring app development capabilities using Heroku and FunctionsExtend your application with access to external services following new coverage of OpenAPI enabled API servicesBook Description Salesforce makes architecting enterprise grade applications easy and secure – but you'll need guidance to leverage its full capabilities and deliver top-notch products for your customers. This fourth edition brings practical guidance to the table, taking you on a journey through building and shipping enterprise-grade apps. This guide will teach you advanced application architectural design patterns such as separation of concerns, unit testing, and dependency injection. You'll also get to grips with Apex and fflib, create scalable services with Java, Node.js, and other languages using Salesforce Functions and Heroku, and find new ways to test Lightning UIs. These key topics, alongside a new chapter on exploring asynchronous processing features, are unique to this edition. You'll also benefit from an extensive case study based on how the Salesforce Platform delivers solutions. By the end of this Salesforce book, whether you are looking to publish the next amazing application on AppExchange or build packaged applications for your organization, you will be prepared with the latest innovations on the platform. What you will learnCreate and deploy packaged apps for your own business or for AppExchangeUnderstand Enterprise Application Architecture patternsCustomize the mobile and desktop user experience with Lightning Web ComponentsManage large data volumes with asynchronous processing and big data strategiesLearn how to go beyond the Apex language, and utilize Java and Node.js to scale your skills and code with Heroku and Salesforce FunctionsTest and optimize Salesforce Lightning UIsUse Connected Apps, External Services, and Objects along with AWS integration tools to access off platform code and data with your applicationWho this book is for If you are a Salesforce developer who wants to unlock the true potential of the Salesforce platform and deliver complex, scalable applications within your company or for use in large enterprises you target through AppExchange, then you have come to the right place. You will need a solid foundation of Salesforce development to dive into this book – it is here to elevate your skills, not teach you the basics.
Peter Drewett's comprehensive survey explores every stage of the dig process, from the core work of discovery and excavation to the final product; the published archaeological report.
Zakim and Boyer's Hepatology-the defining work in hepatology-presents comprehensive coverage of both basic science and clinically relevant developments so you can provide the best possible patient care. Drs. Thomas Boyer, Michael Manns, and Arun Sanyal have reorganized and updated the contents of this trusted global reference to reflect today's more clinical approach to hepatology. They bring you up to date on hot topics including HIV Co-Infection Drug Toxicity, Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC), and much more. This new streamlined edition is now a single volume with access to the fully searchable contents and an image bank online at www.expertconsult.com making it easier to find the treatment information you need. Effectively treat all liver diseases currently seen in clinical practice with authoritative guidance from leading international authorities. Reinforce your foundation in basic science with the concise Pathophysiology of Therapeutic Targets section. See clear presentations of liver disease through hundreds of detailed, color illustrations. Explore topics further with up-to-date references that direct you to the significant literature. Access the complete, fully searchable contents of the book online at www.expertconsult.com, along with a downloadable image bank and complete list of references. Stay current on new developments in the field through five new chapters on Pathogenesis Liver Injury in HBV, HCV; HCC; Imaging and Non-Invasive DX Liver Disease CT, US, Fibroscan, MRI; HIV Co-Infection Drug Toxicity; and HBC, HCV in Non-Liver Transplant Patients, plus comprehensive updates throughout. Apply best practices with reorganized and updated content that reflects today's need for a more clinical approach to hepatology. Reference key information more easily thanks to streamlined content that now fits into one volume.
Vegetation-related response variables adopted in the ICP Forests are related to health, growth, phenology, and diversity. Their assessment and measurement is subject to errors, which need to be controlled and documented. To do this, data quality requirements (DQRs) and intercomparison exercises were implemented. During 2009 and 2010, 111–260 field crews took part in different exercises organized across Europe. Results revealed that, while for some variables (e.g., tree diameter, standing basal area, ozone injury, species diversity) DQRs were substantially achieved, problems still exist for other measurements/calculations (tree height, volume and increment, crown base height, crown symptoms identification and description). In some cases, achievement of DRQs was partly due to relaxed DQRs. While the recent progresses in Quality Assurance/Quality Control for field surveys are promising, further effort is necessary to sharpen DQRs, refine standard operating procedures, and reinforce training.
The assessment and evaluation of tree condition and vitality is an essential part of the ICP Forests monitoring programme. Due to the complex structure of forest ecosystems, a number of different indicators of tree condition are adopted. In this chapter, they are described also in terms of their ecological relevance. Special emphasis is laid on biotic agents affecting forest ecosystems and explaining tree responses to stressors. For operational reasons, definitions and recommendations for the use of the indicators are given. Tree condition assessment in forest monitoring is closely linked to field measures of Quality Assurance and Control. Examples of results show that the methods currently used in tree condition monitoring are sensitive to detect the effects of climate change on forests and identifying main spatial and temporal patterns and damaging agents.
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
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