Algebraic groups are treated in this volume from a group theoretical point of view and the obtained results are compared with the analogous issues in the theory of Lie groups. The main body of the text is devoted to a classification of algebraic groups and Lie groups having only few subgroups or few factor groups of different type. In particular, the diversity of the nature of algebraic groups over fields of positive characteristic and over fields of characteristic zero is emphasized. This is revealed by the plethora of three-dimensional unipotent algebraic groups over a perfect field of positive characteristic, as well as, by many concrete examples which cover an area systematically. In the final section, algebraic groups and Lie groups having many closed normal subgroups are determined.
The implications of European integration for national democracy and constitutionalism are well known. Nevertheless, as the events of the last decade made clear, the EU's complex system of governance has been unable to achieve a democratic or constitutional legitimacy in its own right. In Power and Legitimacy: Reconciling Europe and the Nation-State, Peter L. Lindseth traces the roots of this paradox to integration's dependence on the postwar constitutional settlement of administrative governance on the national level. Supranational policymaking has relied on various forms of oversight from national constitutional bodies, following models that were first developed in the administrative state and then translated into the European context. These national oversight mechanisms (executive, legislative, and judicial) have over the last half-century developed to address the central disconnect in the integration process: between the need for supranational regulatory power, on the one hand, and the persistence of national constitutional legitimacy, on the other. In defining the ways European public law has sought to reconcile these two conflicting demands, Professor Lindseth lays the foundation for a better understanding of the "administrative, not constitutional" nature of European governance going forward.
The 'Precautionary Principle' has sparked the central controversy over European and U.S. risk regulation. The Reality of Precaution is the most comprehensive study to go beyond precaution as an abstract principle and test its reality in practice. This groundbreaking resource combines detailed case studies of a wide array of risks to health, safety, environment and security; a broad quantitative analysis; and cross-cutting chapters on politics, law, and perceptions. The authors rebut the rhetoric of conflicting European and American approaches to risk, and show that the reality has been the selective application of precaution to particular risks on both sides of the Atlantic, as well as a constructive exchange of policy ideas toward 'better regulation.' The book offers a new view of precaution, regulatory reform, comparative analysis, and transatlantic relations.
In the decade since the establishment of the WTO, the great majority of disputes between member states resolved and decided through the dispute settlement system of the WTO arose in the field of trade remedies law, a fact which clearly shows the high demand by the trade community for the rule of law in this area. Responsive to such needs, the fourth volume encompasses the whole range of trade remedies regulation under the auspices of the WTO in the respective articles of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the related multilateral agreements on trade in goods, i.e., Articles VI, XII, XIX GATT 1994; the Understanding on the Balance-of-Payments; the Agreement on Implementation of Article VI GATT 1994 (Anti-Dumping Agreement); the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Duties; and the Agreement on Safeguards. Leading practitioners and scholars have gathered to provide an invaluable insight and easy access to the law on trade remedies in an article-by-article commentary approach. As such, it will be an essential work not only for trade remedies practitioners but to persons interested in trade remedies be they scholars, academics, international and domestic lawyers, political scientists and economists, or NGO representatives.
This book presents an analysis of the recent development of administrative procedures in EC law. It is a pathbreaking study of what might be termed the “constitutionalising norms” now emerging,including a range of 'process rights' and procedural standards, such as the right to access to information, the right to be heard, the principle of care and duty to state reasons. These new standards are increasingly applied in areas as diverse as competition, State aids, customs matters, anti-dumping and the European Social Fund. Different strands of case-law of the EC courts are thus connected to document the overall evolution of procedural rules peculiar to the EC administrative system as a whole. The author adopts a critical stance, in particular, towards the case-law of the Court of First Instance and points out the increasing pressure being brought to bear on the European Commission in respect of its procedural requirements. Particular emphasis is placed on the concept of 'care', i.e. the duty to collect and examine the factual and legal points of individual cases impartially and carefully. The book reveals both the theoretical and practical relevance of this principle as a means of both procedural and substantive review and the reasons why it is likely to be misinterpreted by the courts.
This is the first comprehensive survey of Christian architecture in Egypt from the fourth century up to early modern times, covering not only church architecture, but also and extensively the building art of pilgrimage centers, monasteries, cemeteries, defence structures and private houses. Special attention is given to building technique, arrangement of the interior, and liturgical (local) conditions. With a descriptive catalogue of urban and monastic churches.
Fundamentals of the Physical Environment has established itself as a well-respected core introductory book for students of physical geography and the environmental sciences. Taking a systems approach, it demonstrates how the various factors operating at Earth’s surface can and do interact, and how landscape can be used to decipher them. The nature of the earth, its atmosphere and its oceans, the main processes of geomorphology and key elements of ecosystems are also all explained. The final section on specific environments usefully sets in context the physical processes and human impacts. This fourth edition has been extensively revised to incorporate current thinking and knowledge and includes: a new section on the history and study of physical geography an updated and strengthened chapter on climate change (9) and a strengthened section on the work of the wind a revised chapter (15) on crysosphere systems - glaciers, ice and permafrost a new chapter (23) on the principles of environmental reconstruction a new joint chapter (24) on polar and alpine environments a key new joint chapter (28) on current environmental change and future environments new material on the Earth System and cycling of carbon and nutrients themed boxes highlighting processes, systems, applications, new developments and human impacts a support website at www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415395168 with discussion and essay questions, chapter summaries and extended case studies. Clearly written, well-structured and with over 450 informative colour diagrams and 150 colour photographs, this text provides students with the necessary grounding in fundamental processes whilst linking these to their impact on human society and their application to the science of the environment.
In the first part of this book, the reader is introduced to the theory of abelian groups focusing on the classification problem. The structure of totally projective p-groups is determined and Hill's version of Ulm's Theorem is proved. It is shown how this classification theorem is generalized to larger classes of abelian groups such as the balanced projective groups and Warfield groups. A variety of characterizations of these groups is proved generalizing corresponding results for totally projective p-groups. In the second part of this text, the author studies certain classes of compact abelian groups using Pontrjagin duality. After providing the necessary tools for dualization, the structure of the compact groups dual to the totally projective p-groups, balanced projective groups, and Warfield groups is established. Finally, the duals of completely decomposable groups and Butler groups are studied. Supplemented with numerous exercises and research problems, this book is suitable for graduate students, as well as undergraduate students with a sufficient background in algebra and topology.
The field of variable exponent function spaces has witnessed an explosive growth in recent years. The standard reference article for basic properties is already 20 years old. Thus this self-contained monograph collecting all the basic properties of variable exponent Lebesgue and Sobolev spaces is timely and provides a much-needed accessible reference work utilizing consistent notation and terminology. Many results are also provided with new and improved proofs. The book also presents a number of applications to PDE and fluid dynamics.
The Paris-Princeton Lectures in Financial Mathematics, of which this is the fourth volume, publish cutting-edge research in self-contained, expository articles from outstanding specialists - established or on the rise! The aim is to produce a series of articles that can serve as an introductory reference source for research in the field. The articles are the result of frequent exchanges between the finance and financial mathematics groups in Paris and Princeton. The present volume sets standards with five articles by: 1. Areski Cousin, Monique Jeanblanc and Jean-Paul Laurent, 2. Stéphane Crépey, 3. Olivier Guéant, Jean-Michel Lasry and Pierre-Louis Lions, 4. David Hobson and 5. Peter Tankov.
Arithmetic Geometry can be defined as the part of Algebraic Geometry connected with the study of algebraic varieties through arbitrary rings, in particular through non-algebraically closed fields. It lies at the intersection between classical algebraic geometry and number theory. A C.I.M.E. Summer School devoted to arithmetic geometry was held in Cetraro, Italy in September 2007, and presented some of the most interesting new developments in arithmetic geometry. This book collects the lecture notes which were written up by the speakers. The main topics concern diophantine equations, local-global principles, diophantine approximation and its relations to Nevanlinna theory, and rationally connected varieties. The book is divided into three parts, corresponding to the courses given by J-L Colliot-Thelene, Peter Swinnerton Dyer and Paul Vojta.
Dictionary of Carbohydrates print entries are listed in alphabetical order by entry name, name index, and molecular formula index. The data included in each entry includes:
This masterful history of the monumental architecture of Alexandria, as well as of the rest of Egypt, encompasses an entire millennium—from the city’s founding by Alexander the Great in 331 B.C. to the years just after the Islamic conquest of A.D. 642. Long considered lost beyond recall, the architecture of ancient Alexandria has until now remained mysterious. But here Judith McKenzie shows that it is indeed possible to reconstruct the city and many of its buildings by means of meticulous exploration of archaeological remains, written sources, and an array of other fragmentary evidence. The book approaches its subject at the macro- and the micro-level: from city-planning, building types, and designs to architectural style. It addresses the interaction between the imported Greek and native Egyptian traditions; the relations between the architecture of Alexandria and the other cities and towns of Egypt as well as the wider Mediterranean world; and Alexandria’s previously unrecognized role as a major source of architectural innovation and artistic influence. Lavishly illustrated with new plans of the city in the Ptolemaic, Roman, and Byzantine periods; reconstruction drawings; and photographs, the book brings to life the ancient city and uncovers the true extent of its architectural legacy in the Mediterranean world.
Kaum eine andere Periode der r�mischen Geschichte bietet ein so turbulentes Bild wie die Soldatenkaiserzeit zwischen 235 und 284 n. Chr. Zahlreiche Einf�lle von Germanen und Persern, h�ufige Herrscherwechsel und wirtschaftliche Probleme erschuetterten das R�mische Reich in seinen Grundfesten. Neben Krisensymptomen lassen sich aber auch Reformans�tze aufzeigen. Der Band vereinigt die Vortr�ge einer Berliner Tagung vom Juli 2005. Die 20 Autorinnen und Autoren untersuchen die Transformationsprozesse auf Reichsebene, in den Regionen und auf dem Gebiet der Religion sowie die Deutungsmodelle in der Forschungsgeschichte. Sie leisten damit einen Beitrag zur kontroversen Diskussion ueber den Charakter dieser Epoche. Inhalt Klaus-Peter Johne / Thomas Gerhardt / Udo Hartmann: Einleitung Er�ffnungsvortrag: Hartwin Brandt: Facts and Fictions - Die Historia Augusta und das 3.�Jahrhundert I. Die Transformation des R�mischen Reiches im 3. Jahrhundert I.1. Die politische Transformation des Reiches: Lukas de Blois: The Onset of Crisis in the First Half of the Third Century A.�D. Ulrich Huttner: Zwischen Traditionalismus und Totalitarismus. Zur Ideologie und Praxis der Regierung des Kaisers Decius Bruno Bleckmann: Zu den Motiven der Christenverfolgung des Decius Michael P. Speidel: Gallienus and the Marcomanni Udo Hartmann: Der Mord an Kaiser Gallienus � Klaus-Peter Johne: Die Illyrischen Kaiser als Herrscher neuen Typs Olivier Hekster�/ Erika Manders: Kaiser gegen Kaiser: Bilder der Macht im 3.�Jahrhundert I.2. Wandel und Kontinuit�t in den Regionen des R�mischen Reiches: Christian Witschel: Zur Situation im r�mischen Africa w�hrend des 3.�Jahrhunderts Kai Ruffing: Wirtschaftliche Prosperit�t im 3. Jahrhundert: Die St�dte �gyptens als Paradigma? Werner Oenbrink: Shahba�/ Philippopolis - Die Transformation einer safaitisch-arabischen Siedlung in eine r�mische Colonia Johannes Noll�: Bronzene Reflexe einer Krise. Das st�dtische Muenzwesen Kleinasiens als Indikator von Ph�nomenen der Reichskrise des 3.�Jahrhunderts und von zeitgen�ssischem Krisenempfinden I.3. Transformation religi�ser Vorstellungen im 3. Jahrhundert: Thorsten Fleck: Isis, Sarapis, Mithras und die Ausbreitung des Christentums im 3. Jahrhundert Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst: Die manich�ische Mission in Palmyra. Die Quellen und ihre Auswertung II. Die Rezeption der Soldatenkaiserzeit II.1. Die Rezeption im Mittelalter und in der Fruehen Neuzeit: Andreas Goltz: Zerrbilder eines Herrschers und Christenverfolgers. Zur Rezeption Kaiser Valerians in Sp�tantike, Mittelalter und Neuzeit Kathrin Schade: Palladio und die Soldatenkaiser. Renaissancezeichnungen verlorener Monumentalbauten des 3.�Jahrhunderts in Rom II.2. Das 3.�Jahrhundert in der modernen Forschung: Monika Schuol: Die Wuerdigung der Soldatenkaiserzeit in der rechtsgeschichtlichen Forschung Thomas Gerhardt: Zur Geschichte des Krisenbegriffs Matth�us Heil: �Soldatenkaiser� als Epochenbegriff Die Soldatenkaiser � Abkuerzungsverzeichnis � Abbildungsverzeichnis � Autorenverzeichnis � Register � Tafeln.
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