Unlocking Human Rights will ensure that you grasp the main concepts of this fascinating and dynamic area of law with ease, providing you with an indispensible foundation in the subject. The book explains in detailed, yet straightforward, terms: • The nature of human rights • European Convention on Human Rights • Human Rights Act • Right to life • Torture, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment • Public order, police powers, freedom of association and assembly • Right to a fair trial • Freedom of expression • Privacy, private life and marriage • Right to liberty and security • Prohibition of discrimination • Terrorism • Freedom of thought, conscience and religion • Property rights • Contemporary themes of UN human rights review of the UK, constitutional reform, and security The book provides practical knowledge to help you apply the understanding of these themes and explains: • Rights concepts and language • How the Convention and Human Rights Act operate • Ways in which applicants use the procedures to remedy injustices when domestic UK law has let them down • What kinds of protection are available to everyone within the UK’s jurisdiction • How a balance is struck between the need to protect many different kinds of right in the modern world, with the equally important need to protect everyone from external threats • Why it is vital that essential freedoms of thought, conscience, religion, association, assembly and expression are protected • How the ‘rights’ which everyone claims as their own have to be balanced against the qualifications or restrictions that are imposed to protect other people’s interests This new volume is fully up-to-date with the latest changes in the law and includes discussion of essential developments, including the Protection of Freedom Act 2012, Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013 and the Succession to the Crown Act 2013.
The first philosophical monograph on the ethics of memory manipulation (MM), "Forget Me Not: The Neuroethical Case Against Memory Manipulation" contends that any attempt to directly and intentionally erase episodic memories poses a grave threat to the human condition that cannot be justified within a normative moral calculus. Grounding its thesis in four evidential effects – namely, (i) MM disintegrates autobiographical memory, (ii) the disintegration of autobiographical memory degenerates emotional rationality, (iii) the degeneration of emotional rationality decays narrative identity, and (iv) the decay of narrative identity disables one to seek, identify, and act on the good – DePergola argues that MM cannot be justified as a morally licit practice insofar as it disables one to seek, identify, and act on the good. A landmark achievement in the field of neuroethics, this book is a welcome addition to both the scholarly and professional community in philosophical and clinical bioethics.
Many in the research and clinical communities are becoming increasingly aware of the interactions between sleep disorders and chronic pain syndromes. There are a number of obstacles on the path to better patient care, and there is considerable room for improvement in the way knowledge is shared between professionals in the sleep and pain communities. This book serves as the first step toward enhancing communication between the sleep and pain communities with the intent of improving patient care.
INSTANT #1 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER Transform your life or the life of someone you love with Life Force—the newest breakthroughs in health technology to help maximize your energy and strength, prevent disease, and extend your health span—from Tony Robbins, author of the #1 New York Times bestseller Money: Master the Game. What if there were scientific solutions that could wipe out your deepest fears of falling ill, receiving a life-threatening diagnosis, or feeling the effects of aging? What if you had access to the same cutting-edge tools and technology used by peak performers and the world’s greatest athletes? In a world full of fear and uncertainty about our health, it can be difficult to know where to turn for actionable advice you can trust. Today, leading scientists and doctors in the field of regenerative medicine are developing diagnostic tools and safe and effective therapies that can free you from fear. In this book, Tony Robbins, the world’s #1 life and business strategist who has coached more than fifty million people, brings you more than 100 of the world’s top medical minds and the latest research, inspiring comeback stories, and amazing advancements in precision medicine that you can apply today to help extend the length and quality of your life. This book is the result of Robbins going on his own life-changing journey. After being told that his health challenges were irreversible, he experienced firsthand how new regenerative technology not only helped him heal but made him stronger than ever before. Life Force will show you how you can wake up every day with increased energy, a more bulletproof immune system, and the know-how to help turn back your biological clock. This is a book for everyone, from peak performance athletes, to the average person who wants to increase their energy and strength, to those looking for healing. Life Force provides answers that can transform and even save your life, or that of someone you love.
The tenth volume of "Gums and Stabilisers for the Food Industry" provides an up-to-date account of the latest research developments in the characterisation, properties and applications of polysaccharides and proteins used in food.
An arcane ritual reveals a code hidden within Thelema’s most holy book. Over a period of several years, the former head of Kenneth Grant’s Typhonian Order in the United States, conducted a bizarre sexual ritual with elements of Thelema, Lovecraft, and the Egyptian mummification ceremony to unlock a mathematical code buried in plain sight in Aleister Crowley’s Book of the Law. Jeffrey Evans, a follower of Aleister Crowley’s Thelema since his teenage years, had an encounter on a bridge in Washington, DC, with a being he identified as his holy guardian angel. This being—Karla—provided him with the inspiration to begin a series of rituals incorporating Egyptian and Lovecraftian elements in an effort to traverse the Tunnels of Set: pathways on the “dark side” of the Qabalistic Tree of Life. The ritual, conducted with his wife, Ruth Keenan, employed cross-dressing and bondage as well as Cthulhian imagery and chanting, and resulted in a series of revelations concerning the mathematical code hidden within the verses of Crowley’s Book of the Law: a circumstance that Crowley always suspected but was never able to prove, not even with the help of accomplished mathematicians. Evans tried in vain to demonstrate this code to other members of the Typhonian Order, to no avail, but a chance meeting online with Peter Levenda resulted in Levenda’s taking a closer look at the data and what he discovered astounded him. He agreed to help bring this discovery to the attention of the general public. There has been very little new work published in the field of Thelema in the last 10 years or so, at least since the death of Kenneth Grant. Most publishing concerning Crowley has been biographical or reissues of Crowley’s own material. This work is a departure from all of that. It is new material, completely unexpected within the Crowley/Thelema/OTO environment, for it offers a new approach to the mathematical nature of Thelema that so far has been based on Qabalah. This work brings attention to the existence of a sacred geometry within the verses of the Book of the Law: a completely unexpected discovery but nonetheless mathematically verifiable. It bridges the gap between Thelema, Freemasonry, and Templarism, as well as Gnosticism, demonstrating a continuum of esoteric thought spanning millennia.
Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354-1804 provides an over-all picture of the least studied and most obscured part of Balkan history, the Ottoman period. The book begins with the early history of the Ottomans and with their establishment in Europe, describing the basic Muslim and Turkish features of the Ottoman state. The author goes on in subsequent sections to show how these features influenced every aspect of life in the European lands administered directly by the Ottomans (the "core" provinces) and left a permanent mark on states that were vassals of or paid tribute to the empire. Whether dealing with the "core" provinces of Rumelia or with the vassal and tribute-paying states (Moldavia, Wallachia, Transylvania, and Dubrovik), the author offers fresh insights and new interpretations, as well as a wealth of information on Balkan political, economic, and social history not available elsewhere. The appendixes include lists of dynasties and rulers with whom the Ottomans dealt, as well as data for the House of Osman and some of the grand viziers; a chronology of major military campaigns, peace treaties, and territory gained and lost by the Ottoman Empire in Europe from 1354 to 1804; and glossaries of geographical names and foreign terms.
This comprehensive treatise offers an in-depth discussion of natural toxicants in plants, emphasizing their effects as defenses against herbivory. Coevolution of plants and her-bivores are covered with a detailed treatment of toxicant metabolism and systemic effects in mammalian tissues. Con-sideration of the economic importance of plant toxins, modi-fication by plant breeding, management of toxico-sis, and toxicant problems in various geographic areas are in-cluded. Each volume offers an extensive description of chemistry, biosynthesis, analysis, distribution in plants, metabolism in mam-mals and insects, and practical problems in humans and livestock.
A collection of work that attempts to reflect the diversity of travel literature from the late 18th and early 19th centuries. This literature often reveals something of the cultural and gender difference of the travellers, as well as ideas on colonialism, anthropology and slavery.
The Osama bin Laden I Know is an unprecedented oral history of Osama bin Laden's rise to revered leader of al Qaeda. Peter Bergen takes the reader onto the battlefields of Afghanistan as bin Laden goes from a shy, quiet teen to a leader; he brings you into Osama's intimate family life as he lives under the radar in Sudan, then Afghanistan; he puts you right in the room for al Qaeda's very first meeting; and he uses eyewitness accounts to relate what bin Laden said, and thought on 9/11 as he watched the twin towers fall. Derived from Bergen's interviews with more than 50 people who know bin Laden personally, from his high school teacher to an early al Qaeda member who later became a US informant, The Osama bin Laden I Know recounts individual experiences with the man who has declared the US, and its allies, his greatest enemies.
The Invisibles Bloody Eyes" is a story that revolves around two brothers, Pierrot and Petros, hailing from an influential family with a substantial influence on global affairs. After their father, Louis, passed away, Pierrot assumed a position of power within the family's ranks, becoming one of the world's rulers. Meanwhile, Petros was sent to a boarding school, where he nurtured a fervent dream of enlisting in the military.
Byzantium, Constantinople, Istanbul: these are only three names that have been given to the city that straddles two continents, was the capital of two multinational empires and is today a vibrant commercial and artistic city, the largest in Turkey and, after Moscow, the largest in Europe. With its location as a port, Istanbul has always absorbed ideas, people and styles from north, south, east and west. Its multiculturalism is a microcosm of the world’s. Neither standard guide nor conventional history, this is rather a celebration of an extraordinary city, reviewing its imperial histories and exploring some of its lesser known corners.
The 'Key Cases' series outlines leading cases and provides a simple and effective way for you to memorise and absorb the essential case topics needed to pass your exams effortlessly.
Political commentator Peter de Krassell contends that globalization was a 19th Century model of economics that was based on scarcity and actually died in the last decade of the 20th Century when the whole World was in surplus. In this fast paced geopolitical journey across America, China, the Middle East and beyond, de Krassell looks at the history of the major empires of the last 150 years (including that of the USA), their achievements, shortcomings and religious failures that all lead to globalization. Learning from the past he posits "interlocalism" as the successor to globalization. This latest book in his Custom Maid series offers a completely revolutionary new approach to contemplating our future and is must read material for anyone with an interest in understanding the political and economic situation now and wanting to see how the future might look.
The concept of security has traditionally referred to the status of sovereign states in a closed international system. In this system the state is assumed to be both the object of security and the primary provider of security. Threats to the state's security are understood as threats to its political autonomy in the system. The major international institutions that emerged after the Second World War were built around this idea. When the founders of the United Nations spoke of collective security, they were referring primarily to state security and to the coordinated system that would be necessary in order to avoid the 'scourge of war'. But today, a wide range of security threats, both new and traditional, confront Europe, or at least as some would say.
Administrative Law provides a sophisticated but highly accessible account of a complex area of law of great contemporary relevance and increasing importance. Written in a clear and flowing style, the text has been radically reorganized and extensively rewritten to present administrative law as a framework for public administration. After an exploration of the nature, province, and sources of administrative law as well as the concept of administrative justice, the book briefly discusses the institutional framework of public administration. The second part of the book deals with the normative framework of public administration, starting with a general discussion of administrative tasks and functions and then examining in some detail norms relating to administrative procedure and openness, decision-makers' reasoning processes and the substance of administrative decisions. The next topic is the private law framework provided by the law of tort, contract, and restitution. The third part of the book provides an account of institutions and mechanisms of accountability by which the framework of public administration is policed and enforced: judicial review and appeals by courts and tribunals, bureaucratic and parliamentary oversight, and investigations by ombudsmen. This part ends by considering how these various mechanisms fit into the administrative justice system. The final part of the book explores the functions of administrative law and its impact on administration.
The cheque's in the post. I'm still at the office. That looks great on you. Lies make the world go round. And in this book the Would I Lie To You? team celebrates the fine art of the everyday fib. Like the deliriously funny contributions of Rob Brydon, Lee Mack and David Mitchell in the hugely successful panel game, here is a delightful collection of 100 fibs that all of us can recognise. Lies like: I didn't even notice she was pretty; I'm working from home tomorrow; and wow, your tattoo looks really... interesting. Written in the same warm, witty and inspired tone that's made the TV show such a hit, the book uncovers the little deceptions that strike a chord with all of us. There are the lies we tell others, the lies people tell us and the lies we tell ourselves. Each entry in the book is laugh-out-loud funny, and filled with more than a little bit of painful truth. If you're a fan of the show, a lover of spot-on observational comedy, or have ever told a porky, Would I Lie To You? Presents the 100 Most Popular Lies of All Time is the book you've been waiting for.
Expose the truth or let the dead lie still? Grace Macallan's life is on an even keel – at last. But a 9-to-5 career away from the frontline isn't all it's cracked up to be. So when she's sent to investigate a suicide at Glasgow's notorious Barlinnie prison, Grace gladly escapes her desk. The dead inmate is Tommy McMartin, heir to a ferocious criminal family. His murder conviction saw Tommy's fall from power; cast out not for violence but because the victim was his gay lover. The investigation drags Grace into contact with her McMartin adversaries of old. But the gangland dynasty is under threat and, as it topples, secrets once dead and buried are unearthed. As she unravels Tommy McMartin's fate, Grace senses someone watching her from the shadows, someone who aches for revenge. An awful dilemma faces her: to expose the truth or let the dead lie still.
The Muhammad cartoon crisis of 2005−2006 in Denmark caught the world by surprise as the growing hostilities toward Muslims had not been widely noticed. Through the methodologies of media anthropology, cultural studies, and communication studies, this book brings together more than thirteen years of research on three significant historical media events in order to show the drastic changes and emerging fissures in Danish society and to expose the politicization of Danish news journalism, which has consequences for the political representation and everyday lives of ethnic minorities in Denmark.
A coalition of humans and Elites must overcome their differences as they embark on a covert mission back to the Ark, an enigmatic place beyond comprehension from which few have returned.
First published in 2007. The Kenana Handbook of Sudan is an authoritative and definitive book on Africa's largest country that captures and depicts all aspects of Sudan from its roots in ancient Nubia to its modem petroleum economy, current development under a stable and progressive political environment, and immense future possibilities. The Handbook provides a more complete and up-to-date account of Sudan than has ever been published before.
The British government predicted in 1998 that its Human Rights Act would lead to a human rights culture in the UK. What would this culture be like? What are the implications for managers? Human Rights gives managers the background to human rights and shows how to evaluate organizations.
Peter Partner shows how the ideal of the crusade, "God's War", came to permeate medieval Christendom, and how it influenced later Western societies. Above all, this book examines the fear that Islamic fundamentalism excites in the west and warns against allowing crusading war propaganda to affect our judgment today. 24 illustrations. Maps.
A you-are-there account of the 19th-century battle against the army of Abdullah al-Taashi that established British dominance in the Sudan. The death of General Gordon in Khartoum at the hand of the Dervishes is one of the most celebrated events in the history of the 19th century. Equally dramatic, but perhaps less well-known, is the extraordinary battle 14 years later in which Sir Herbert Kitchener avenged the murder of Gordon at Omdurman. Personal accounts of the legendary battle seen through the eyes of Private George Teigh and Lieutenant Samuel FitzGibbon Cox are included. Both the private and the officer kept diaries, both recorded the same events, but with vastly differing views. Difficulties with boots, bullets and gunboats are described, but it is the eye-witness accounts that give full flavor to a fascinating campaign, which saw the last full cavalry charge.
An Economist and Sunday Times Best Book of the Year “Deserves to be hailed as a magnum opus.” —Tom Holland, The Telegraph “Ambitious...seeks to rehabilitate the Holy Roman Empire’s reputation by re-examining its place within the larger sweep of European history...Succeeds splendidly in rescuing the empire from its critics.” —Wall Street Journal Massive, ancient, and powerful, the Holy Roman Empire formed the heart of Europe from its founding by Charlemagne to its destruction by Napoleon a millennium later. An engine for inventions and ideas, with no fixed capital and no common language or culture, it derived its legitimacy from the ideal of a unified Christian civilization—though this did not prevent emperors from clashing with the pope for supremacy. In this strikingly ambitious book, Peter H. Wilson explains how the Holy Roman Empire worked, why it was so important, and how it changed over the course of its existence. The result is a tour de force that raises countless questions about the nature of political and military power and the legacy of its offspring, from Nazi Germany to the European Union. “Engrossing...Wilson is to be congratulated on writing the only English-language work that deals with the empire from start to finish...A book that is relevant to our own times.” —Brendan Simms, The Times “The culmination of a lifetime of research and thought...an astonishing scholarly achievement.” —The Spectator “Remarkable...Wilson has set himself a staggering task, but it is one at which he succeeds heroically.” —Times Literary Supplement
The complex political and cultural relationship between the German state and the Ottoman Empire is explored through the lens of the Ottoman Railway network, its architecture, and material culture With lines extending from Bosnia to Baghdad to Medina, the Ottoman Railway Network (1868–1919) was the pride of the empire and its ultimate emblem of modernization—yet it was largely designed and bankrolled by German corporations. This exemplifies a uniquely ambiguous colonial condition in which the interests of Germany and the Ottoman Empire were in constant flux. German capitalists and cultural figures sought influence in the Near East, including access to archaeological sites such as Tell Halaf and Mshatta. At the same time, Ottoman leaders and laborers urgently pursued imperial consolidation. Germany and the Ottoman Railways explores the impact of these political agendas as well as the railways’ impact on the built environment. Relying on a trove of previously unpublished archival materials, including maps, plans, watercolors, and photographs, author Peter H. Christensen also reveals the significance of this major infrastructure project for the budding disciplines of geography, topography, art history, and archaeology.
The end of the Cold War introduced an altered global dynamic. The old bond of East/West patronage in Africa was broken, weakening the first crop of independent revolutionary leadership on the continent who no longer had the support of one or other of the superpowers. With collapse of the Soviet Union, all this changed. The question of global/strategic security devolved into regional peacekeeping and peace enforcement, characterized primarily by the Balkans War, but also many other minor regional squabbles across the developing world that erupted as old regimes fell and nations sought to build unity out of the ashes. In Africa, the situation was exacerbated by an inherent tribalism and factionalism that had tended to be artificially suppressed by powerful, often military, dictatorships, generally unconcerned with the needs and requirements of an oppressed population. No more striking example of this can be found than Somalia. One of the only effective armed resistance movements mounted against European colonization in Africa took place in Somalia, which was suppressed only after enormous military expenditure. The crisis in Somalia that began to take shape with the ouster of military leader Mohammed Siad Barre during the early years of the 1990s forced both the United States and the United Nations to adapt their collective military policy toward the challenges of peacekeeping, and peace enforcement, in a human environment only dimly understood, extremely austere in terms of local infrastructure and with a warring clan leadership. This book tells the story of the international intervention that took place in Somalia, the successes, failures and lessons learned. Many broad assumptions were made based on an unclear understanding of the dynamics of a regional conflict, coupled with the necessity for the first time in modern military history to balance political necessities with military. The crisis in Somalia set the tone for military intervention in a post-Cold War world, and although the same mistakes have been depressingly often repeated, the complexion of global military organization changed dramatically as a consequence of this episode.
When their usual travel plans fall though, Lee Su Lin and her little brother, Su Yang, reluctantly spend their school holidays on Pulau Ubin instead. Along with their new friends, the sensible and smart Zizi, and the perpetually hungry Bus, they form the Sengkang Snoopers and discover a mysterious hut at the top of a quarry hill, where a hermit is rumoured to live. When they hear strange sounds coming from the hut, they just can't keep away, but what will they find there?
An outstanding intellectual biography.' Eugene Rogan In 1813, high in the Lebanese mountains, a thirteen-year-old boy watches a solar eclipse. Will it foretell a war, a plague, the death of a prince? Mikha’il Mishaqa’s lifelong search for truth starts here. Soon he’s reading Newtonian science and the radical ideas of Voltaire and Volney: he loses his religion, turning away from the Catholic Church. Thirty years later, as civil war rages in Syria, he finds a new faith – Evangelical Protestantism. His obstinate polemics scandalise his community. Then, in 1860, Mishaqa barely escapes death in the most notorious event in Damascus: a massacre of several thousand Christians. We are presented with a paradox: rational secularism and violent religious sectarianism grew up together. By tracing Mishaqa’s life through this tumultuous era, when empires jostled for control, Peter Hill answers the question: What did people in the Middle East actually believe? It’s a world where one man could be a Jew, an Orthodox Christian and a Sunni Muslim in turn, and a German missionary might walk naked in the streets of Valletta.
The most dangerous corner of Africa is its north-eastern Horn where instability reigns and terrorism thrives on the antagonisms of all it governments.The Horn of Africa comprising Ethiopia,Sudan and now South Sudan,Somalia,Djibouti,Eritrea,and stretching to include Kenya and Uganda, is a pivotal geopolitical pressure point in world politics.It stands at the hinge of Africa and the Middle East.It was of vital interest to the superpowers during the Cold War,attracting constant and unprofitable intervention.In the post-Cold War period regional political chaos,including failed states,terrorism and international piracy,has struck the death blow to the ambitions of the International Community's New World Order. The problems of the Horn,political,ideological,religious and ethnic, are compounded by natural disasters of widespread drought and famine,and have invited intervention by governments and NGOs.Tony Blair in his speech on the 'Doctrine of the International Community' referred to the suffering of Africa as 'a scar on the conscience of humanity'.But the New World Order's aim of 'good governance'-free elections,a free press,independent judiciary,recognition of human rights,gender equality and effective government free of corruption- seems as far off as ever. Of the many striking examples perhaps Somalia stands out as a failed state-and predatory state to the majority of its peoples-and as a seat of international terror and a society which has even spawned the present scourge of international piracy.International attention on the Horn is not limited to altruism in face of suffering with the burgeoning economic superpowers,China and India, exploiting mineral and land resources. So international rivalry-a traditional factor in the Horn's instability-will continue to haunt both its peoples and the international community. Peter Woodward's survey of the history, and regional and international relations of the Horn of Africa shows the crises have deep historical roots predating present state boundaries.These have been shaped by imperialism,sharpened by independence and by the Cold War.Chaos in the Horn has frustrated the ambitions of the post-Cold War's New World Order.This book is essential reading for all students of history,international relations and policy planners.
This book provides a practical guide to applying soft-computing methods to interpret geophysical data. It discusses the design of neural networks with Matlab for geophysical data, as well as fuzzy logic and neuro-fuzzy concepts and their applications. In addition, it describes genetic algorithms for the automatic and/or intelligent processing and interpretation of geophysical data.
This book aims to provide an accessible introduction to the key issues surrounding ethics in policing, linking this to recent developments and new human rights legislation. It sets out a powerful case for a modern 'ethical policing' approach, and argues that securing and protecting human rights should be a major, if not the major, rationale for public policing.
First Published in 1991. This work is a follow-up on the European Science Foundation Project (ESF) entitled the Ecology of Adult Language Acquisition. The subject of this study is the process of untutored language acquisition in adults and the focus is on Turkish and Moroccan immigrants during the first three years of their stay in the Netherlands.
In this established textbook, Wallace provides a succinct overview of the European Reformation, interweaving the influential events of the religious reformation with the transformations of political institutions, socio-economic structures, gender relations and cultural values throughout Europe. Examining the European Reformation as a long-term process, he reconnects the classic 16th century religious struggles with the political and religious pressures confronting late medieval Christianity, and argues that the resolutions proposed by reformers such as Luther were not fully realised for most Christians until the early 18th century. This new edition features a brand new chapter on the Reformation from a global perspective, updated historiography, a new chronology, and updated material throughout, including on the interrelationship between religion and politics after 1648.The Long European Reformation provides an even-handed and detailed account of this complex topic, providing a clear overview that is perfect for undergraduate and postgraduate students of history and religious studies. New to this Edition: - New chapter on the Reformation in global perspective - Incorporates new perspectives and current debates on Luther and the place of the Reformation within Western history, including consideration of how people lived with their religious differences - Expanded conclusion with references to the 500th anniversary and religious continuities
The latest in the series based on the popular History of Philosophy podcast, this volume presents the first full history of philosophy in the Islamic world for a broad readership. It takes an approach unprecedented among introductions to this subject, by providing full coverage of Jewish and Christian thinkers as well as Muslims, and by taking the story of philosophy from its beginnings in the world of early Islam all the way through to the twentieth century. Major figures like Avicenna, Averroes, and Maimonides are covered in great detail, but the book also looks at less familiar thinkers, including women philosophers. Attention is also given to the philosophical relevance of Islamic theology (kalam) and mysticism--the Sufi tradition within Islam, and Kabbalah among Jews--and to science, with chapters on disciplines like optics and astronomy. The book is divided into three sections, with the first looking at the first blossoming of Islamic theology and responses to the Greek philosophical tradition in the world of Arabic learning. This 'formative period' culminates with the work of Avicenna, the pivotal figure to whom most later thinkers feel they must respond. The second part of the book discusses philosophy in Muslim Spain (Andalusia), where Jewish philosophers come to the fore, though this is also the setting for such thinkers as Averroes and Ibn Arabi. Finally, a third section looks in unusual detail at later developments, touching on philosophy in the Ottoman, Mughal, and Safavid empires and showing how thinkers in the nineteenth to the twentieth century were still concerned to respond to the ideas that had animated philosophy in the Islamic world for centuries, while also responding to political and intellectual challenges from the European colonial powers.
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