This volume deals with binary nitrogen-hydrogen compounds having two, three, or more nitrogen atoms (with the exception of hydrazine) and with compounds composed of nitrogen, hydrogen, and noble gases. The important species containing two nitrogen atoms, N2H, N2H+, N2H2, and N2H3 are described in the first part of this volume. Next, chains and cycles consisting of three nitrogen atoms are covered. Among them hydrogen azide or hydrozoic acid, HN3, is the most extensively studied nitrogen-hydrogen compound described in this volume. With increasing number of nitrogen atoms, the thermochmical stability declines. There is, however, a considerable amount of information on molecules with up to nine linked nitrogen atoms. Several of these binary nitrogen-hydrogen compounds could only be isolated in the form of organic derivatives. In that case, data available for the organic derivatives were included if they were characteristic for the particular unsubstituted N-H parent compound.
Nitrogen" Suppt. Vol. B 1 describes the compounds of nitrogen with noble gases and, in the major part, binary compounds composed of one nitrogen atom and hydrogen. Nitrogen hydrogen compounds with two and more nitrogen atoms are covered in "Nitrogen" Suppt. Vol. 82. There is some information on various nitrogen-noble gas species, to a large extent because of the interest in their bonding behavior. Experimental data have been obtained chiefly for some singly charged cations, particularly those formed by argon Like ArN + and ArNi. The existence of others has only been established by mass spectrometry. The binary compounds of nitrogen and hydrogen comprise NH, NH , NH , NH , the corre 2 4 5 sponding ions, and some adducts. NH and NH1 are not treated. The predominant part 3 of the volume covers the description of the molecules NH and NH . 8oth species are present 2 in photolytic processes in the atmosphere. They play an essential role in combustion systems regardless of whether the nitrogen stems from the nitrogen-containing fuel or from the air. Thus, much work has been devoted to the understanding of the nitrogen chemistry in combustion and in the atmosphere. The production and detection methods as weiL as the reactions have been comprehensively described. ln addition detailed information is given on the spectral behavior, the knowledge of which is important for detecting the mole cules and for studying their kinetics.
The volume is concerned exclusively with all the binary species formed between the elements silicon and fluorine such as SiF, SiF2, SiF3, SiF4, and Sif62-. Most of the volume, i.e. 144 pages, is devoted to the description of the well known physical and chemical properties of the SiF4 as well as to its preparation. This is followed in length by the report on SiF2 with its interesting chemistry, along with a section on the diatomic radical SiF. Species with fivefold and sixfold coordination of silicon are exemplified by SiF5- and by the well known SiF62-. Interestingly, the detailed models for describing the bonding situation in both ions are still a matter of discussion. While for Si2F6 most of the basic data are known, information on the chemical and physical properties of the higher members of the acylic perfluorosilanes, SinF2n+2, is scarce. All available information on the unstable cyclic perfluorosilanes of composition (SiF2)n and some even more exotic species is also included.
The volume describes the chemical and physical properties of the approximately 80 known bromine compounds and ions which contain oxygen and/or nitrogen, and which may include hydrogen as well. The class of bromine-oxygen and bromine-oxygen-hydrogen compounds comprises several well-known species. Their description accounts for approximately three-quarters of the volume. The BrO radical and the BrO3 ion are the most and best studied among all binary bromine-oxygen species. BrO was recently recognized to play a role in some reaction sequences depleting the ozone concentration in the stratosphere. Bromate-ion-driven chemical oscillator systems have attracted much interest in recent decades. Thus data on single reaction steps which involve BrO3, BrO2, and the oxoacides of bromine - HBrO, HBrO2, and HBrO3 - are reviewed in detail; a comprehensive description of the oscillating systems, however, is beyond the scope of this volume. The remaining one-quarter of the volume is devoted to bromine-nitrogen and bromine-nitrogen-oxygen compounds. Bromine azide and nitrosyl bromide are the most comprehensively studied of these, accounting for almost half of this section.
Some years ago the Gmelin Institute started to supplement the volumes on halogens and halogen compounds. For the elements chlorine and fluorine these supplementary volumes have already been finished. For the element bromine the volume A 1 is also available. Now the volume B 1 will be published starting with the description of the compounds of bromine. The present volume describes the compounds of bromine with rare gases and with hydrogen. The volume is dominated by the description of HBr and its aqueous solution, hydrobromic acid. Chemical and physical properties of the diatomic molecule HBr are extremely well studied by modern methods. Thus detailed descriptions are given of gas-phase properties, spectra, and properties of condensed phases. Emphasis is laid on elementary reaction processes such as energy transfer and single reaction steps for HBr formation and decomposition. These studies have become classics of modern reaction kinetics. Likewise, elementary reactions of HBr and Br- with nonmetallic compounds are described comprehensively.
The volume describes all compounds that consist of bromine and fluorine and/or chlorine and may additionally contain noble gases, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. The description of chemical and physical properties of binary compounds between bromine and fluorine takes up most of the volume, because this class of compounds includes BrF3 and BrF5 which have considerable technical interest. Especially the the oxidizing and fluorinating properties of BrF3 make it a convenient reactant for the preparation of inorganic fluorides. On the other hand, the diatomic molecule BrF is well-characterized by spectroscopic methods, but its chemistry is less known because of its instability. Other neutral species, such as Br2F, Br2F2, BrF2, and BrF6, only exist in matrices at low temperatures, and the existence of BrF4 and BrF7 is even doubted. Some of the ions, including BrF2+, BrF2-, Br3F10-, BrF4+, BrF4-, BrF6+, and BrF6-, can be stabilized as salts.
Nitrogen" SuppL. Vol. 82 continues the description of binary compounds composed of nitrogen and hydrogen (nitrogen hydrides). While" Nitrogen" SuppL. Vol. 81 covers mono nitrogen compounds, the present volume comprises compounds having two, three, four, or more nitrogen atoms. Hydrazine, N H , and its ions N2Ht and N2H~+ were not included. 2 4 (Reference is made to a voluminous monograph: E.W. Schmidt, Hydrazine and its Deriva tives: Preparation, Properties, Applications, Chichester 1984, 1088 pages.) Among the dinitrogen compounds, the diazenyl cation, N H+, has been extensively inves 2 tigated, especially in regards to spectroscopic and kinetic properties, because of its occur rence in interstellar space. Chemically well-characterized are diazene, N H , the simplest 2 2 unsaturated nitrogen hydride which is used as a hydrogenation reagent, and the hydrazyl radical, N H , which is frequently present as an intermediate during the formation and 2 3 decay of nitrogen-hydrogen compounds. The major portion of this volume is taken up by hydrogen azide or hydrazoic acid, HN , the first member in the series of trinitrogen compounds. Known to be highly explosive 3 in pure form, it can be safely handled when diluted. Thus, a great deal of information is available mainly on its properties as a chemical reagent and its decomposition processes.
This volume deals with binary nitrogen-hydrogen compounds having two, three, or more nitrogen atoms (with the exception of hydrazine) and with compounds composed of nitrogen, hydrogen, and noble gases. The important species containing two nitrogen atoms, N2H, N2H+, N2H2, and N2H3 are described in the first part of this volume. Next, chains and cycles consisting of three nitrogen atoms are covered. Among them hydrogen azide or hydrozoic acid, HN3, is the most extensively studied nitrogen-hydrogen compound described in this volume. With increasing number of nitrogen atoms, the thermochmical stability declines. There is, however, a considerable amount of information on molecules with up to nine linked nitrogen atoms. Several of these binary nitrogen-hydrogen compounds could only be isolated in the form of organic derivatives. In that case, data available for the organic derivatives were included if they were characteristic for the particular unsubstituted N-H parent compound.
Among the finest examples of European craftsmanship are the clocks produced for the luxury trade in the eighteenth century. The J. Paul Getty Museum is fortunate to have in its decorative arts collection twenty clocks dating from around 1680 to 1798: eighteen produced in France and two in Germany. They demonstrate the extraordinary workmanship that went into both the design and execution of the cases and the intricate movements by which the clocks operated. In this handsome volume, each clock is pictured and discussed in detail, and each movement diagrammed and described. In addition, biographies of the clockmakers and enamelers are included, as are indexes of the names of the makers, previous owners, and locations.
The volume describes all compounds that consist of bromine and fluorine and/or chlorine and may additionally contain noble gases, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. The description of chemical and physical properties of binary compounds between bromine and fluorine takes up most of the volume, because this class of compounds includes BrF3 and BrF5 which have considerable technical interest. Especially the the oxidizing and fluorinating properties of BrF3 make it a convenient reactant for the preparation of inorganic fluorides. On the other hand, the diatomic molecule BrF is well-characterized by spectroscopic methods, but its chemistry is less known because of its instability. Other neutral species, such as Br2F, Br2F2, BrF2, and BrF6, only exist in matrices at low temperatures, and the existence of BrF4 and BrF7 is even doubted. Some of the ions, including BrF2+, BrF2-, Br3F10-, BrF4+, BrF4-, BrF6+, and BrF6-, can be stabilized as salts.
Winner of the 2018 James Beard Foundation Cookbook Award in "Reference, History, Scholarship" Winner of the 2017 André Simon Drink Book Award Winner of the 2018 International Association of Culinary Professionals (IACP) Cookbook Award for "Wine, Beer & Spirits" From Peter Liem, the lauded expert behind the top-rated online resource ChampagneGuide.net, comes this groundbreaking guide to the modern wines of Champagne--a region that in recent years has undergone one of the most dramatic transformations in the wine-growing world. This luxurious box set includes a pullout tray with a complete set of seven vintage vineyard maps by Louis Larmat, a rare and indispensable resource that beautifully documents the region’s terroirs. With extensive grower and vintner profiles, as well as a fascinating look at Champagne’s history and lore, Champagne explores this legendary wine as never before.
This book contains the first comprehensive review of intrinsic point defects, impurities and their complexes in silicon. Besides compiling the structures, energetic properties, identified electrical levels and spectroscopic signatures, and the diffusion behaviour from investigations, it gives a comprehensive introduction into the relevant fundamental concepts.
This volume includes concise, illustrated entries on the more than 450 examples of furniture, porcelain, and silver from the Museum's collection. New to this expanded edition are sections devoted to maiolica and glass. An index of previous owners and updated bibliographies are of particular help to the scholar.
An entertaining legal dictionary with a difference.' – BabyBarista website 'Intellectual property has a vast, perplexing and diverse vocabulary, and this enriching Dictionary provides a starting point for understanding new concepts and crafting precise definitions to meet the needs of a particular case. . . well worth a read.' – IPKat 'Dr Groves set himself the monumental task of assembling a work that would be both a dictionary of the most important terms in intellectual property law and a ready resource for IP students and practitioners worldwide. He has succeeded admirably: his book not only covers the field but also glitters with unexpected delights (the entry on "goodwill" is a must-read). This compendium is essential for the desktop (or laptop) of anyone whose work involves intellectual property.' – Robert C. Cumbow, Graham & Dunn PC, US 'Confused between community patent review and community patents? Lost in a thicket of dockets, rocket or otherwise? Let Peter Groves' Dictionary of Intellectual Property Law be your guide. Filling almost 500 often lighthearted, occasionally acerbic, but invariably fact-packed pages, the book takes you from the ActionAid Chip and the Air Pirates case through BIRPI, Cognating, Dockets, Evergreening; Jepson, Pedrick's cat and Simkins; PHOSITA, Trundlehumpers, the verb "to Uncopyright" and X-Patents, all the way to Zwart maken. Essential reading.' – David Musker, Partner, RGC Jenkins & Co. 'Do not be put off by the word "dictionary". This is a fascinating, witty and erudite little volume, packed with interesting and useful information on the whole gamut of intellectual property. It leaves one (this one anyway) hungering for more and wanting to delve more deeply into fields that have nothing to do with earning one's daily bread.' – Tony McStea, Senior Patent Attorney, Global Patents, Givaudan Schweiz AG 'This work is splendid. As an intellectual property litigator I ask, "why did no-one do it before"? Was it for lack of the creative idea, or did no-one have the diligence and erudition of Peter Groves to perfect it? and now that it has been done, we will wonder how we managed without it.' – Jonathan Turner, Barrister Intellectual property has a vast, perplexing and diverse vocabulary, and this enriching Dictionary provides a starting point for understanding new concepts and crafting precise definitions to meet the needs of a particular case. Not only are new words and phrases being coined as technology changes and the law follows, but also the international scope of intellectual property means that IP lawyers will encounter foreign words and phrases. With over 1000 expressions defined clearly and entertainingly, this book should be the first reference point to understanding intellectual property terminology. It will be particularly helpful to practitioners when they encounter expressions they have not seen before which they need to understand the true meaning and definition of. Students finding unfamiliar terminology and concepts will also appreciate the instant explanation available from this essential resource.
Winner of the 2018 James Beard Foundation Cookbook Award in "Reference, History, Scholarship" Winner of the 2017 André Simon Drink Book Award Winner of the 2018 International Association of Culinary Professionals (IACP) Cookbook Award for "Wine, Beer & Spirits" From Peter Liem, the lauded expert behind the top-rated online resource ChampagneGuide.net, comes this groundbreaking guide to the modern wines of Champagne--a region that in recent years has undergone one of the most dramatic transformations in the wine-growing world. This luxurious box set includes a pullout tray with a complete set of seven vintage vineyard maps by Louis Larmat, a rare and indispensable resource that beautifully documents the region’s terroirs. With extensive grower and vintner profiles, as well as a fascinating look at Champagne’s history and lore, Champagne explores this legendary wine as never before.
The volume is concerned exclusively with all the binary species formed between the elements silicon and fluorine such as SiF, SiF2, SiF3, SiF4, and Sif62-. Most of the volume, i.e. 144 pages, is devoted to the description of the well known physical and chemical properties of the SiF4 as well as to its preparation. This is followed in length by the report on SiF2 with its interesting chemistry, along with a section on the diatomic radical SiF. Species with fivefold and sixfold coordination of silicon are exemplified by SiF5- and by the well known SiF62-. Interestingly, the detailed models for describing the bonding situation in both ions are still a matter of discussion. While for Si2F6 most of the basic data are known, information on the chemical and physical properties of the higher members of the acylic perfluorosilanes, SinF2n+2, is scarce. All available information on the unstable cyclic perfluorosilanes of composition (SiF2)n and some even more exotic species is also included.
The volume describes all compounds that consist of bromine and fluorine and/or chlorine and may additionally contain noble gases, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. The description of chemical and physical properties of binary compounds between bromine and fluorine takes up most of the volume, because this class of compounds includes BrF3 and BrF5 which have considerable technical interest. Especially the the oxidizing and fluorinating properties of BrF3 make it a convenient reactant for the preparation of inorganic fluorides. On the other hand, the diatomic molecule BrF is well-characterized by spectroscopic methods, but its chemistry is less known because of its instability. Other neutral species, such as Br2F, Br2F2, BrF2, and BrF6, only exist in matrices at low temperatures, and the existence of BrF4 and BrF7 is even doubted. Some of the ions, including BrF2+, BrF2-, Br3F10-, BrF4+, BrF4-, BrF6+, and BrF6-, can be stabilized as salts.
The author has maintained two open-source MATLAB Toolboxes for more than 10 years: one for robotics and one for vision. The key strength of the Toolboxes provide a set of tools that allow the user to work with real problems, not trivial examples. For the student the book makes the algorithms accessible, the Toolbox code can be read to gain understanding, and the examples illustrate how it can be used —instant gratification in just a couple of lines of MATLAB code. The code can also be the starting point for new work, for researchers or students, by writing programs based on Toolbox functions, or modifying the Toolbox code itself. The purpose of this book is to expand on the tutorial material provided with the toolboxes, add many more examples, and to weave this into a narrative that covers robotics and computer vision separately and together. The author shows how complex problems can be decomposed and solved using just a few simple lines of code, and hopefully to inspire up and coming researchers. The topics covered are guided by the real problems observed over many years as a practitioner of both robotics and computer vision. It is written in a light but informative style, it is easy to read and absorb, and includes a lot of Matlab examples and figures. The book is a real walk through the fundamentals of robot kinematics, dynamics and joint level control, then camera models, image processing, feature extraction and epipolar geometry, and bring it all together in a visual servo system. Additional material is provided at http://www.petercorke.com/RVC
This companion provides a collection of frequently needed numerical data as a convenient desk-top or pocket reference for atmospheric scientists as well as a concise source of information for others interested in this matter. The material contained in this book was extracted from the recent and the past scientific literature; it covers essentially all aspects of atmospheric chemistry. The data are presented primarily in the form of annotated tables while any explanatory text is kept to a minimum. In this condensed form of presentation, the volume may serve also as a supplement to many textbooks used in teaching the subject at various universities.
Selenium (Se) is an essential dietary trace element participating in the regulation of various physiological functions in humans and farm animals through its incorporation into a range of selenoproteins. Low Se content in main feed ingredients is a common problem worldwide and dietary Se supplementation is a current practice in ruminant nutrition. Recent research clearly proved that sodium selenite, used for the last 50 years as a feed supplement, is not an optimal form of Se. However, use of organic selenium in dairy and beef diets can help meet Se requirement and maintain health/high immunocompetence, productive and reproductive performance. The goal of this book is to provide up-to-date information about the roles of Se in ruminant nutrition and health. A special emphasis is given to the role of selenium as an essential part of the integrated antioxidant system. The concept of using organic Se in ruminant nutrition is described in detail with emphasis on selenomethionine as a storage form of Se in the body. Also, specific Se deficiency-related disorders in ruminants are described and the importance of Se in growth, development, immunity and reproduction is demonstrated. Molecular mechanisms of protective effects of Se under stressful conditions of commercial milk and meat production are characterized. This book will be of practical importance to dairy and beef producers, to nutritionists and vets as well as for animal scientists, students of agricultural colleges and universities. It will also be of interest for researchers in areas related to environmental sciences, food sciences, physiology, etc.
The present volume, "Organoiron Compounds" B 17, systematically covers the literature through the end of 1987 for Sections 1.5.3 to 1.5.3.5, through the end of 1988 for Sections 1.5.4 to 1.5.6.7, and also includes many tater references. This volume continues Se ries B (volumes B 1 to B 15 al ready published) on the mononu clear organoiron compounds; Series A (volumes A 1 to A 9 already published) is devoted to the ferrocenes and Se ries C (volumes C 1 to C 5 and C 7 already published) treats organoiron com pounds with two or more Fe atoms in the molecule. Se ries B thus far includes the following mononuclear organoiron compounds: "Eisen-Organische Verbindungen" B 1 (1976), B 2 (1978, in English), B 3 (1979, partly in English) Sections 1 to 1.1.4.8 on 0 compounds and carbonyl compounds. "Eisen-Organische Verbindungen" B 4 (1978) Sections 1.1.5 to 1.2.3.2.3 on isonitrile and carbene compounds and on compounds with ligands bonded to the Fe atom by two C atoms eL ligands). "Eisen-Organische Verbindungen" B 5 (1978) Sections 1.3 to 1.3.6 on compounds with ligands bonded to the Fe atom by three C atoms (3L ligands).
Pollution damages materials, but it has changed dramatically in the past century, with a reduction in the concentration of corrosive primary pollutants in urban atmospheres. At the same time, architectural styles and types of materials have changed, as we have moved to more organically rich, photochemically active atmospheres. Contemporary pollutants have a greater potential to degrade organic coatings and polymers, which are of great importance to modern structures.Urban Pollution and Changes to Materials and Building Surfaces examines a range of materials, discussing the ways in which they are likely to be damaged by contemporary urban pollutants, with an emphasis on the effects of air pollution. A chapter on graffiti is also included.The wide scope covered means that this volume is suitable for readers from a broad background. It should be of interest to scientists and policymakers dealing with the effects of urban pollution, as well as undergraduate and graduate students working in this area.This book, with its wealth of information, is of exceedingly good value for readers who seek to understand more on the changes of materials and building surfaces by urban pollution.
In connection with the recent treatment of radium and the actinides, the Gmelin Institute is carrying out the description of thorium and its compounds. The Supplement Volumes A 2, A 3, A 4, and A 5 with the history, isotopes, uses, the recovery of thorium and general properties of thorium atom and ions, the thermodynamics of its compounds and solutions, spectroscopic data and analytical chemistry, biological behavior, health protection and safety control have already been published. The Supplement Volumes C 1, C 2 and C 3 describing the compounds with the noble gases, hydrogen, oxygen compounds and nitrogen compounds are also available; also have been published Supplement Volumes C 5 and C 7 describing the compounds with sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and boron, carbonates, thiocynates, alkoxides, and carboxylates. The Supplement Volumes D 1, D 2, and D 3 describing the properties of thorium ions in solution and the solvent extraction of thorium as well as Supplement Volume E describing the coordination compounds also have been published. The present volume begins, in a summary fashion, with a description of the natural occurrence of the element Th. Especially stressed are those facts that are most important in understanding its geological distribution on Earth (as, e.g., mode of occurrence and distribution among minerals) and its behavior in minerals (as, e.g., mode of occurrence and distribution among minerals) and its behavior in minerals (as, e.g., diadochy and metamictization of minerals). Attached is a tabulation of the highest reported Th or ThO2 content in minerals that normally (by their crystal-chemical formula) do not contain Th. The main part of the present volume describes the minerals of Th. As can be seen from the crystal-chemical formulas, there are, in addition to a few minerals containing Th as the sole cation, a number of minerals that contain Th as an additional cation or as a diadochic element. In the case of diadochic substitution the mineral may represent a Th-rich end member of a solid-solution series and, therefore, is described as a separate Th mineral, or may only sporadically contain higher amounts of Th (no mineral description is given). The mineral descriptions, in this volume including oxides, carbonates and phosphates/siliconphosphates of Th, comprise the following topics: occurence; chemistry; crystal form and structure; optical and other physical properties; and chemical and thermal behavior. The silicates of Th and the deposits of Th will be described in the volume "Thorium" Suppl. Vol. A 1b, that also contains a mineral index for both volumes.
Well-considered answers to the many questions raised by the situation in Iraq, past and present, are rare. This first comprehensive, thematically organised, bibliography devoted to Iraq is based on the full Index Islamicus database and is drawn from a wide variety of European-language journals and books. Featuring an extensive introduction to the subject and its literature by Peter Sluglett, this bibliography will help readers to find their way through the massive secondary literature now available. Following the pattern established by the Index Islamicus, both journal articles and book publications are included, as well as important internet resources. The editors have taken care to add much new material to bring its coverage up to date, and supplement the previously published volumes, while the most important and/or influential publications are conveniently highlighted in the introduction. An indispensable gateway for all those with a more than superficial interest in what is, and what has been, happening in this nation so much the focus of attention today.
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