A synchronic sociolinguistic study of Jamaican Creole (JC) as spoken in urban Kingston, this work uses variationist methods to closely investigate two key concepts of Atlantic Creole studies: the mesolect, and the creole continuum. One major concern is to describe how linguistic variation patterns with social influences. Is there a linguistic continuum? How does it correlate with social factors? The complex organization of an urbanizing Caribbean society and the highly variable nature of mesolectal speech norms and behavior present a challenge to sociolinguistic variation theory. The second chief aim is to elucidate the nature of mesolectal grammar. Creole studies have emphasized the structural integrity of basilectal varieties, leaving the status of intermediate mesolectal speech in doubt. How systematic is urban JC grammar? What patterns occur when basilectal creole constructions alternate with acrolectal English elements? Contextual constraints on choice of forms support a picture of the mesolect as a single grammar, variable yet internally-ordered, which has evolved a fine capacity to serve social functions. Drawing on a year's fieldwork in a mixed-class neighborhood of the capital city, the author (a speaker of JC) describes the speech community's history, demographics, and social geography, locating speakers in terms of their social class, occupation, education, age, sex, residence, and urban orientation. The later chapters examine a recorded corpus for linguistic variables that are phono-lexical (palatal glides), phonological (consonant cluster simplification), morphological (past-tense inflection), and syntactic (pre-verbal tense and aspect marking), using quantitative methods of analysis (including Varbrul). The Jamaican urban mesolect is portrayed as a coherent system showing stratified yet regular linguistic behavior, embedded in a well-defined speech community; despite the incorporation of forms and constraints from English, it is quintessentially creole in character.
The only comprehensive guide to Irish waters, Rivers of Ireland gives full descriptions of each of Ireland's rivers. This new edition includes insider details for fishing guides, local tackle shops, resident fly tiers, and casting instructors.
As a long-standing, reliable resource Drugs & Society, Fifteenth Edition continues to captivate and inform students by taking a multidisciplinary approach to the impact of drug use and abuse on the lives of average individuals. The authors have integrated their expertise in the fields of drug abuse, pharmacology, and sociology with their extensive experiences in research, treatment, drug policy making, and drug policy implementation to create an edition that speaks directly to students on the medical, emotional, and social damage drug use can cause. NEW - Includes new and updated content on important topics, such as: - The potential value of genetics in assessing risk, consequences, and treatment of drug use disorder or addiction - The abuse and extent of performance-enhancing drugs in athletic and sport activity - Statistics of use and the impact of drugs of abuse - The value of forensic drug testing - Recent findings concerning the extent of vaping and its negative long-term consequences - The escalation of American overdose deaths due to opioids directly related to both prescription abuse and the emergence of illicit fentanyl in counterfeit medications - The pharmacological and behavioral characteristics of alcohol use and abuse including major costs to society - The pattern of methamphetamine resurgence uses in the United States and its trafficking patterns from Mexico, as well as the recent connections between methamphetamine and heroin/opioid use - The use of hallucinogenic drugs such as Ecstasy (MDMA) to treat mental conditions such as posttraumatic stress disorder and the use of ketamine to treat depression - Problems associated with the rapidly escalating drug costs in the U.S. and how to address these challenges - Tobacco regulation by the FDA and the continued increase in the popularity of e-cigarettes - Recent changes in most state marijuana laws in the United States that legally redefine marijuana as medicine for neurological and mental health issues and most recent events to make it a legal drug for recreational marijuana use. Engaging boxed features throughout the text include: Holding the Line: vignettes that help readers assess governmental efforts to deal with drug-related problems Case in Point: examples of relevant clinical and/or social issues that arise from the use of each major group of drugs Here and Now: current events that illustrate the personal and social consequences of drug abuse Family Matters: examples of how genetics and heredity contribute to drug abuse Prescription for Abuse: current stories that illustrate the problems of prescription abuse and its consequences Point/Counterpoint: exposes students to different perspectives on drug-related issues and encourages them to draw their own conclusions.
This professional memoir describes RAND's contributions to the evolution of computer science, particularly during the first decades following World War II, when digital computers succeeded slide rules, mechanical desk calculators, electric accounting machines, and analog computers. The memoir includes photographs and vignettes that reveal the collegial, creative, and often playful spirit in which the groundbreaking research was conducted at RAND.
The Appearance of Impropriety offers a bracing antidote for executives, group leaders, and anyone in public life: A reminder of some basic rules of good conduct that must be taken back from the pundits and bureaucrats that surround us. As Peter Morgan and Glenn Reynolds entertainingly and devastatingly describe, Americans have made legitimate ethical concerns into absurd standards, and wielded our moral whims like dangerous weapons.
An eye-opening introduction to the complexity, wonder, and vital roles of coral reefs "Part memoir, part popular science, part call to action on climate change, the book makes a compelling case for why coral reefs deserve more attention. Sale's argument is as simple as it is powerful: as coral reefs go, so goes the rest of the planet." --Bryan P. Galligan, Commonweal When mass coral bleaching and die-offs were first identified in the 1980s, and eventually linked to warming events, the scientific community was sure that such a dramatic and unambiguous signal would serve as a warning sign about the devastating effects of global warming. Instead, most people ignored that warning. Subsequent decades have witnessed yet more degradation. Reefs around the world have lost more than 50 percent of their living coral since the 1970s. In this book, distinguished marine ecologist Peter F. Sale imparts his passion for the unexpected beauty, complexity, and necessity of coral reefs. By placing reefs in the wider context of global climate change, Sale demonstrates how their decline is more than simply a one-off environmental tragedy, but rather an existential warning to humanity. He offers a reframing of the enormous challenge humanity faces as a noble venture to steer the planet into safe waters that might even retain some coral reefs.
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