This book contains two review articles on nonlinear data assimilation that deal with closely related topics but were written and can be read independently. Both contributions focus on so-called particle filters. The first contribution by Jan van Leeuwen focuses on the potential of proposal densities. It discusses the issues with present-day particle filters and explorers new ideas for proposal densities to solve them, converging to particle filters that work well in systems of any dimension, closing the contribution with a high-dimensional example. The second contribution by Cheng and Reich discusses a unified framework for ensemble-transform particle filters. This allows one to bridge successful ensemble Kalman filters with fully nonlinear particle filters, and allows a proper introduction of localization in particle filters, which has been lacking up to now.
This open-access textbook's significant contribution is the unified derivation of data-assimilation techniques from a common fundamental and optimal starting point, namely Bayes' theorem. Unique for this book is the "top-down" derivation of the assimilation methods. It starts from Bayes theorem and gradually introduces the assumptions and approximations needed to arrive at today's popular data-assimilation methods. This strategy is the opposite of most textbooks and reviews on data assimilation that typically take a bottom-up approach to derive a particular assimilation method. E.g., the derivation of the Kalman Filter from control theory and the derivation of the ensemble Kalman Filter as a low-rank approximation of the standard Kalman Filter. The bottom-up approach derives the assimilation methods from different mathematical principles, making it difficult to compare them. Thus, it is unclear which assumptions are made to derive an assimilation method and sometimes even which problem it aspires to solve. The book's top-down approach allows categorizing data-assimilation methods based on the approximations used. This approach enables the user to choose the most suitable method for a particular problem or application. Have you ever wondered about the difference between the ensemble 4DVar and the "ensemble randomized likelihood" (EnRML) methods? Do you know the differences between the ensemble smoother and the ensemble-Kalman smoother? Would you like to understand how a particle flow is related to a particle filter? In this book, we will provide clear answers to several such questions. The book provides the basis for an advanced course in data assimilation. It focuses on the unified derivation of the methods and illustrates their properties on multiple examples. It is suitable for graduate students, post-docs, scientists, and practitioners working in data assimilation.
This book contains two review articles on nonlinear data assimilation that deal with closely related topics but were written and can be read independently. Both contributions focus on so-called particle filters. The first contribution by Jan van Leeuwen focuses on the potential of proposal densities. It discusses the issues with present-day particle filters and explorers new ideas for proposal densities to solve them, converging to particle filters that work well in systems of any dimension, closing the contribution with a high-dimensional example. The second contribution by Cheng and Reich discusses a unified framework for ensemble-transform particle filters. This allows one to bridge successful ensemble Kalman filters with fully nonlinear particle filters, and allows a proper introduction of localization in particle filters, which has been lacking up to now.
Turning the tables on the misconception that Ezra Pound knew little Greek, this volume looks at his work translating Greek tragedy and considers how influential this was for his later writing. Pound's work as a translator has had an enormous impact on the theory and practice of translation, and continues to be a source of heated debate. While scholars have assessed his translations from Chinese, Latin, and even Provençal, his work on Greek tragedy remains understudied. Pound's versions of Greek tragedy (of Aeschylus' Agamemnon, and of Sophocles' Elektra and Women of Trachis) have received scant attention, as it has been commonly assumed that Pound knew little of the language. Liebregts shows that the poet's knowledge of Greek was much more comprehensive than is generally assumed, and that his renderings were based on a careful reading of the source texts. He identifies the works Pound used as the basis for his translations, and contextualises his versions with regard to his biography and output, particularly The Cantos. A wealth of understudied source material is analysed, such as Pound's personal annotations in his Loeb edition of Sophocles, his unpublished correspondence with classical scholars such as F. R. Earp and Rudd Fleming, as well as manuscript versions and other as-yet-unpublished drafts and texts which illuminate his working methodology.
This open-access textbook's significant contribution is the unified derivation of data-assimilation techniques from a common fundamental and optimal starting point, namely Bayes' theorem. Unique for this book is the "top-down" derivation of the assimilation methods. It starts from Bayes theorem and gradually introduces the assumptions and approximations needed to arrive at today's popular data-assimilation methods. This strategy is the opposite of most textbooks and reviews on data assimilation that typically take a bottom-up approach to derive a particular assimilation method. E.g., the derivation of the Kalman Filter from control theory and the derivation of the ensemble Kalman Filter as a low-rank approximation of the standard Kalman Filter. The bottom-up approach derives the assimilation methods from different mathematical principles, making it difficult to compare them. Thus, it is unclear which assumptions are made to derive an assimilation method and sometimes even which problem it aspires to solve. The book's top-down approach allows categorizing data-assimilation methods based on the approximations used. This approach enables the user to choose the most suitable method for a particular problem or application. Have you ever wondered about the difference between the ensemble 4DVar and the "ensemble randomized likelihood" (EnRML) methods? Do you know the differences between the ensemble smoother and the ensemble-Kalman smoother? Would you like to understand how a particle flow is related to a particle filter? In this book, we will provide clear answers to several such questions. The book provides the basis for an advanced course in data assimilation. It focuses on the unified derivation of the methods and illustrates their properties on multiple examples. It is suitable for graduate students, post-docs, scientists, and practitioners working in data assimilation.
Algorithms that have to process large data sets have to take into account that the cost of memory access depends on where the data is stored. Traditional algorithm design is based on the von Neumann model where accesses to memory have uniform cost. Actual machines increasingly deviate from this model: while waiting for memory access, nowadays, microprocessors can in principle execute 1000 additions of registers; for hard disk access this factor can reach six orders of magnitude. The 16 coherent chapters in this monograph-like tutorial book introduce and survey algorithmic techniques used to achieve high performance on memory hierarchies; emphasis is placed on methods interesting from a theoretical as well as important from a practical point of view.
Provides detailed information about the signal transduction pathways used by interferons to activate gene transcription. In addition, this book discusses how the same pathways are used by many other cytokines and thus provide a forum for cross-talk among these important biological response modifiers. Additionally, the book introduces the interferon system and describes the interferon-inducible genes whose products are responsible for the cellular actions of interferons. The nature of the interferon receptors and how the transcriptional signals are transmitted from the receptors on the cell surface to the genes in the nucleus are discussed in detail. Finally, the use of similar pathways of signal transduction by other cytokines is highlighted.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Field-Programmable Logic and Applications, FPL 2003, held in Lisbon, Portugal in September 2003. The 90 revised full papers and 56 revised poster papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 216 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on technologies and trends, communications applications, high level design tools, reconfigurable architecture, cryptographic applications, multi-context FPGAs, low-power issues, run-time reconfiguration, compilation tools, asynchronous techniques, bio-related applications, codesign, reconfigurable fabrics, image processing applications, SAT techniques, application-specific architectures, DSP applications, dynamic reconfiguration, SoC architectures, emulation, cache design, arithmetic, bio-inspired design, SoC design, cellular applications, fault analysis, and network applications.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the International Seminar on Proof Theory in Computer Science, PTCS 2001, held in Dagstuhl Castle, Germany, in October 2001. The 13 thoroughly revised full papers were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in the book. Among the topics addressed are higher type recursion, lambda calculus, complexity theory, transfinite induction, categories, induction-recursion, post-Turing analysis, natural deduction, implicit characterization, iterate logic, and Java programming.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Modelling Techniques and Tools for Computer Performance Evaluation, TOOLS 2003, held in Urbana, IL, USA, in September 2003. The 17 revised full papers presented together with a keynote paper were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in the book. The papers are organized in topical sections on tools for measuring, benchmarking, and online control; tools for evaluation of stochastic models; queueing models; Markovian arrival processes and phase-type distributions; and supporting model-based design of systems.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Second International Conference on Artificial Immune Systems, ICARIS 2003, held in Edinburgh, UK in September 2003. The 27 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 41 submissions. The book presents the first coherent account of the state of the art in artificial immune systems reserch. The papers are organized in topical sections on applications of artificial immune systems, immunocomputing, emerging metaphors, augmentation of artificial immune systems algorithms, theory of artificial immune systems, and representations and operators.
Software systems play an increasingly important role in modern societies. Smart cards for personal identi?cation, e-banking, software-controlled me- cal tools, airbags in cars, and autopilots for aircraft control are only some examples that illustrate how everyday life depends on the good behavior of software. Consequently, techniques and methods for the development of hi- quality, dependable software systems are a central research topic in computer science. A fundamental approach to this area is to use formal speci?cation and veri?cation. Speci?cation languages allow one to describe the crucial p- perties of software systems in an abstract, mathematically precise, and implementation-independent way. By formal veri?cation, one can then prove that an implementation really has the desired, speci?ed properties. Although this formal methods approach has been a research topic for more than 30 years, its practical success is still restricted to domains in which devel- ment costs are of minor importance. Two aspects are crucial to widen the application area of formal methods: – Formal speci?cation techniques have to be smoothly integrated into the software and program development process. – The techniques have to be applicable to reusable software components. This way, the quality gain can be exploited for more than one system, thereby justifying the higher development costs. Starting from these considerations, Peter Muller ̈ has developed new te- niques for the formal speci?cation and veri?cation of object-oriented so- ware. The speci?cation techniques are declarative and implementati- independent. They can be used for object-oriented design and programming.
CASL, the Common Algebraic Specification Language, was designed by the members of CoFI, the Common Framework Initiative for algebraic specification and development, and is a general-purpose language for practical use in software development for specifying both requirements and design. CASL is already regarded as a de facto standard, and various sublanguages and extensions are available for specific tasks. This book illustrates and discusses how to write CASL specifications. The authors first describe the origins, aims and scope of CoFI, and review the main concepts of algebraic specification languages. The main part of the book explains CASL specifications, with chapters on loose, generated and free specifications, partial functions, sub- and supersorts, structuring specifications, genericity and reusability, architectural specifications, and version control. The final chapters deal with tool support and libraries, and present a realistic case study involving the standard benchmark for comparing specification frameworks. The book is aimed at software researchers and professionals, and follows a tutorial style with highlighted points, illustrative examples, and a full specification and library index. A separate, complementary LNCS volume contains the CASL Reference Manual.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Algorithms and Computation, ISAAC 2001, held in Christchurch, New Zealand in December 2001. The 62 revised full papers presented together with three invited papers were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 124 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on combinatorial generation and optimization, parallel and distributed algorithms, graph drawing and algorithms, computational geometry, computational complexity and cryptology, automata and formal languages, computational biology and string matching, and algorithms and data structures.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Internet Charging and QoS Technologies, ICQT 2006, held in St. Malo, France, June 2006 as an associated workshop of ACM Sigmetrics / IFIP Performance 2006. The book presents eight revised full papers together with a keynote paper, organized in topical sections on economy-driven modeling, auctions, peer-to-peer, and secure billing, addressing vital topics in networking research and business modeling.
This book constitutes the proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Web Information Systems Engineering, WISE 2010, held in Hong Kong, China, in December 2010. The 32 revised full papers and 19 revised short papers presented together with 4 keynote talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 170 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on web service, social networks, web data mining, keyword search, web data modeling, recommender systems, RDF and web data processing, XML and query languages, web information systems, and information retrieval and extraction.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Third International Conference on Trust Management, iTrust 2005, held in Paris, France in May 2005. The 21 revised full papers and 4 revised short papers presented together with 2 keynote papers and 7 trust management tool and systems demonstration reports were carefully reviewed and selected from 71 papers submitted. Besides technical issues in distributed computing and open systems, topics from law, social sciences, business, and psychology are addressed in order to develop a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of current aspects and challenges in the area of trust management in dynamic open systems.
Massively parallel processing is currently the most promising answer to the quest for increased computer performance. This has resulted in the development of new programming languages and programming environments and has stimulated the design and production of massively parallel supercomputers. The efficiency of concurrent computation and input/output essentially depends on the proper utilization of specific architectural features of the underlying hardware. This book focuses on development of runtime systems supporting execution of parallel code and on supercompilers automatically parallelizing code written in a sequential language. Fortran has been chosen for the presentation of the material because of its dominant role in high-performance programming for scientific and engineering applications.
This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the First International Conference on Trusted Computing and Trust in Information Technologies, TRUST 2008, held in Villach, Austria, in March 2008. The 13 revised full papers presented together with 1 invited lecture were carefully reviewed and selected from 43 submissions. The papers cover the core issues of trust in IT systems and present recent leading edge developments in the field of trusted infrastructure and computing to foster the international knowledge exchange necessary to catch up with the latest trends in science and technology developments.
Throughout history governments have had to confront the problem of how to deal with the poorer parts of their population. During the medieval and early modern period this responsibility was largely borne by religious institutions, civic institutions and individual charity. By the eighteenth century, however, the rapid social and economic changes brought about by industrialisation put these systems under intolerable strain, forcing radical new solutions to be sought to address both old and new problems of health care and poor relief. This volume looks at how northern European governments of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries coped with the needs of the poor, whilst balancing any new measures against the perceived negative effects of relief upon the moral wellbeing of the poor and issues of social stability. Taken together, the essays in this volume chart the varying responses of states, social classes and political theorists towards the great social and economic issue of the age, industrialisation. Its demands and effects undermined the capacity of the old poor relief arrangements to look after those people that the fits and starts of the industrialisation cycle itself turned into paupers. The result was a response that replaced the traditional principle of 'outdoor' relief, with a generally repressive system of 'indoor' relief that lasted until the rise of organised labour forced a more benign approach to the problems of poverty. Although complete in itself, this volume also forms the third of a four-volume survey of health care and poor relief provision between 1500 and 1900, edited by Ole Peter Grell and Andrew Cunningham.
Completely updated edition, written by a close-knit author team Presents a unique approach to stroke - integrated clinical management that weaves together causation, presentation, diagnosis, management and rehabilitation Includes increased coverage of the statins due to clearer evidence of their effectiveness in preventing stroke Features important new evidence on the preventive effect of lowering blood pressure Contains a completely revised section on imaging Covers new advances in interventional radiology
Tissue Engineering is a comprehensive introduction to the engineering and biological aspects of this critical subject. With contributions from internationally renowned authors, it provides a broad perspective on tissue engineering for students and professionals who are developing their knowledge of this important topic. Key topics covered include stem cells; morphogenesis and cellular signaling; the extracellular matrix; biocompatibility; scaffold design and fabrication; controlled release strategies; bioreactors; tissue engineering of skin, cartilage, bone and organ systems; and ethical issues. Covers all the essentials from tissue homeostasis and biocompatibility to cardiovascular engineering and regulations 22 chapters from internationally recognized authors, provide a comprehensive introduction for engineers and life scientists, including biomedical engineers, chemical and process engineers, materials scientists, biologists and medical students Full colour throughout, with clear development of understanding through frequent examples, experimental approaches and the latest research and developments
There is now a practically universal consensus that our climate is changing rapidly, and as a direct result of human activities. While there is extensive debate about what we can do to mitigate the damage we are causing, it is becoming increasingly clear that a large part of our resources will have to be directed towards adapting to new climatic conditions, with talk of survivability replacing sustainability as the new and most pressing priority. Nowhere is this more evident than in the built environment – the stage on which our most important interactions with climatic conditions are played out. In this frank yet pervasively positive book, sustainable architecture guru Peter Smith lays out his vision of how things are likely to change, and what those concerned with the planning, design and construction of the places we live and work can and must do to avert the worst impacts. Beginning with the background to the science and discussion of the widely feared graver risks not addressed by the politically driven IPCC reports, he moves on to examine the challenges we will face and to propose practical responses based on real world experiences and case studies taking in flood and severe weather protection, energy efficient retrofitting, distributed power generation and the potential for affordable zero carbon homes. He ends with a wider discussion of options for future energy provision. This will be a provocative, persuasive and – crucially – practical read for anyone concerned with the measures we must take now to ensure a climate-proofed future for humanity.
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