This study brings together the forecast climate change impacts, costs vs. benefits of adaptation measures, and recommendations from the work conducted in Uzbekistan under the World Bank s program, Reducing Vulnerability to Climate Change in European and Central Asian Agricultural Systems
This World Bank study brings together the forecast climate change impacts, costs vs. benefits of adaptation measures, and recommendations from the work conducted in Albania.
A clear understanding of the current water balance is required to explore options for water saving measures. However, measurement of all the terms in the water balance is infeasible in terms of spatial and temporal scale, but hydrological simulation models can fill the gap between measured and required data. For a basin in Western Turkey, simulation modeling at three different scales, field, irrigation scheme and basin scale, was performed to obtain all terms of the water balance. These water balance numbers were used to calculate the Productivity of Water at the three spatial levels distinguished to assess the performance of the systems.
The extension of the Uda Walawe irrigation scheme in southern Sri Lanka may have a significant ecological impact on the development area and its downstream wetlands. The evaluation of this impact is the subject for a long-term study that is presently being carried out by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI). In this study, the pre- development environmental conditions in the area are being investigated and the changes caused by the new irrigation system will be monitored in the future. Part of this study is a hydrological assessment of the coastal lagoon (Karagan Lewaya) and its small catchment to the south of the evelopment area. The lagoon is likely to receive high quantities of drainage flows from the future scheme. This could deteriorate its water quality and hence affect the suitability of the lagoon as a habitat for migratory birds and might lead to flooding of adjacent settlements.
The impacts of climate change on agricultural systems and rural economies are already evident throughout Europe and Central Asia. This study, Reducing the Vulnerability of Georgia s Agricultural Systems to Climate Change, provides a menu of options for climate change adaptation in the agricultural and water resources sectors in Georgia.
An overview of an experiment in which 8 different methods of estimating actual evaporation and transpiration were compared using a common database. Methods based on field data, hydrological models, and satellite data were used and the objectives were to compare results and to assess the utility of each method for various applications.
This report investigates how much water is required to maintain the freshwater reed beds that are the main shelter and breeding place for threatened bird species. The ability of Gediz basin to fulfill this requirement and the effects of this requirement on irrigated agriculture, the major competitor for water in the Gediz basin were subsequently examined.
River basins are complex areas, combining the natural processes of precipitation, evapotranspiration, surface water and groundwater runoff with man-made features such as dams and reservoirs, diversions and irrigation schemes, and industrial and urban water uses. Computer models may be constructed to represent these natural and man-made processes. Such models are used to help understand processes that are difficult to measure (such as evaporation) and to study the effects of changes in land cover, water management or climate on the natural and man-made processes.
Public domain datasets are freely available on the Internet are easy to obtain, and often more up-to-date than those from local sources. This simplifies the modeling process and increases the ability to model basins anywhere in the world, from anywhere with Internet access. Although not all types of data are available, and some conversions may be needed, the information provided does allow for quick and easy simulations of basins. The Semi-Distributed Land-Use Runoff Process (SLURP) hydrological model has been designed to take advantage of such data sources. The application described in this report uses public domain data for topography, land use, seasonal variation in leaf area index (for transpiration) and climate data- all without calibration of parameters.
Describes the use of a distributed hydrologic model to evaluate different data scenarios. The study attempted to answer questions such as; what will happen to the basin water resources if a) there is a change in climate; b) it is decided that more water must be retained in the river for environmental reasons; c) more water is extracted for urban and industrial use; d) the timing and accounts used for water are changed?
The emergence of spirituality in contemporary culture in holistic forms suggests that organised religions have failed. This thesis is explored and disputed in this book in ways that mark important critical divisions. This is the first collection of essays to assess the significance of spirituality in the sociology of religion. The authors explore the relationship of spirituality to the visual, individualism, gender, identity politics, education and cultural capital. The relationship between secularisation and spirituality is examined and consideration is given to the significance of Simmel in relation to a sociology of spirituality. Problems of defining spirituality are debated with reference to its expression in the UK, the USA, France and Holland. This timely, original and well structured volume provides undergraduates, postgraduates and researchers with a scholarly appraisal of a phenomenon that can only increase in sociological significance.
A recent phenomenon of charismatic renewal took place in Toronto in the mid-1990s. Commonly known as the "Toronto Blessing" and operated by the former Vineyard Church leaders John and Carol Arnott, the renewal was defined by reports of uncontrollable laughter, weeping, speaking in tongues, animal noises, and falling on the floor during worship. Sympathetic Christians embraced these practices while others who believed that this form of worship boarded on spectacle rejected them. By the end of the 1990s most people thought that the renewal was over. Yet, in the first decade of the twenty-first century, the authors—a sociologist and a theologian—heard rumors that the Toronto church, now known as "Catch the Fire," was still holding mass meetings with upwards of 2,000 people in attendance. They also learned of an emerging practice of "soaking prayer," an adaption of Pentecostal-charismatic prayer that, participants and leaders claim, facilitates and expands the reception of divine love in order to give it away in acts of forgiveness, reconciliation, compassion, and benevolence. Soaking, the authors reveal, is a metaphor for practices like resting in the Spirit, prayer for spiritual gifts, healing, prophecy, impartation, and supports overall charismatic spirituality. Attending "Catch the Fire" conferences, churches, and house meetings in the United States, Canada, Britain, Australia, and New Zealand, Wilkinson and Althouse observed first-hand how people soak, what it means to soak, and why soaking is considered an important practice among charismatics.
Evangelicals have been scandalized by their association with Donald Trump, their megachurches summarily dismissed as “religious Walmarts.” In The Subversive Evangelical Peter Schuurman shows how a growing group of “reflexive evangelicals” use irony to critique their own tradition and distinguish themselves from the stereotype of right-wing evangelicalism. Entering the Meeting House – an Ontario-based Anabaptist megachurch – as a participant observer, Schuurman discovers that the marketing is clever and the venue (a rented movie theatre) is attractive to the more than five thousand weekly attendees. But the heart of the church is its charismatic leader, Bruxy Cavey, whose anti-religious teaching and ironic tattoos offer a fresh image for evangelicals. This charisma, Schuurman argues, is not just the power of one individual; it is a dramatic production in which Cavey, his staff, and attendees cooperate, cultivating an identity as an “irreligious” megachurch and providing followers with a more culturally acceptable way to practise their faith in a secular age. Going behind the scenes to small group meetings, church dance parties, and the homes of attendees to investigate what motivates these reflexive evangelicals, Schuurman reveals a playful and provocative counterculture that distances itself from prevailing stereotypes while still embracing a conservative Christian faith.
Since Christianity was re-introduced to China in the early nineteenth century, Chinese Christianity has undergone a holistic “transfiguration” which both truthfully restores ante-Nicene Christianity and successfully adapts to the cultural contexts of Chinese and other societies. The theoretical and theological diversity of this book is consistent with that of traditional Chinese religious writings as well as that of the ante-Nicene fathers but may be deemed un-theoretical, un-academic, or un-theological by those theologians who received Western theological training, as that tends to be too hegemonic, emotionless, and archaic in the eyes of lay believers.
A global estimate of the potential for rain-fed agriculture could provide an answer to the question “How much irrigation is required?” Global studies done to date have relied on course resolution climate data (0.5-1 degree arc). In this study a high-resolution climate dataset (10-minute arc) was combined with a soil water storage capacity map and a dynamic water and crop model to estimate the potential for rain-fed agriculture. The methodology applied here, based ona high-resolution climate dataset, allows analyses on a global scale without losing the smaller regional-scale issues.
An excellent source on past and present debates, and a coherent and insightful set of proposals concerning methodology'.International Affairs'More than merely providing a student's textbook. [Wade] covers the main themes and offers a comprehensive overview of the relevant debates ... an excellent textbook.'European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies'Wade's latest book is intelligent and easy-to-read, and represents a significant contribution to the knowledge and understanding of the dynamics of race and ethnicity in Latin America.'Patterns of Prejudice
Religion and its relationship to schooling is an issue that has become more and more topical in recent years. In many countries, developments such as the diversification of state school sectors, concerns about social cohesion between ethnic and religious groups, and debates about national identity and values have raised old and new questions about the role of religion in education. Whilst the significance of this issue has been reflected in renewed interest from the academic community, much of this work has continued to be based around theoretical or pedagogical debates and stances, rather than evidence-based empirical research. This book aims to address this gap by exploring the social and political role of religion in the context of the primary school. Drawing on original ethnographic research with a child-centred orientation, comparisons are drawn between Community and Roman Catholic primary schools situated within a multi-faith urban area in the UK. In doing so, the study explores a number of ways in which religion has the potential to contribute to everyday school life, including through school ethos and values, inter-pupil relations, community cohesion and social identity and difference. At the centre of the analysis are two key sociological debates about the significance of religion in late modern societies. The first is concerned with the place of religion in public life and the influence of secularisation and post-secularism on the relationship between religion and schooling. The second relates to the increasingly multi-faith nature of many national populations and the implications for religious citizenship in educational settings. Religion in the Primary School will be a useful resource for academics, researchers and students as a key addition to existing knowledge in the disciplines of education, sociology and human geography. It will also be of value to both policy-makers and educationalists interested in the role of religion in schools and the implications for the wider community and society in a range of national contexts.
To many Westerners, the disappearance of African traditions of witchcraft might seem inevitable wuth continued modernization. In The Modernity of Witchcraft, Peter Geschieres uses his own experiences among the Maka and in other parts of eastern and southern Cameroon, as well as other anthropological research, to argue that contemporary ideas and practices of witchcraft are more a response to modern exigencies than a lingering cultural custom. The prevalence of witchcraft, especially in African politics and entrepreneurship, demonstrates the unlikely balance it has achieved with the forces of modernity. Geshiere explores why modern techniques and commodities, usually of Western Provenance, have become central in rumors of the occult.
Christian missions in Africa are commonly viewed as a blatant example of ethnocentrism. This stereotype partly exists because the day-to-day interaction between missionaries and Africans has so rarely been studied. This book shows how Africans and missionaries co-produced a Catholic Church in the Uluguru mountains of Eastern Tanzania in the late colonial period, thereby adapting each others' routines in the fields of initiation, education, magic, and religion. It explores how the presence of the mission resulted in a rift between spiritual and worldly magic, and in the underdevelopment of the capacity of Waluguru to manage their own practices of revelation.
This book carries an ethnographic signature in approach and style, and is an examination of a small Brooklyn, New York, African-American, Pentecostal church congregation and is based on ethnographic notes taken over the course of four years. The Pentecostal Church is known to outsiders almost exclusively for its members' "bizarre" habit of speaking in tongues. This ethnography, however, puts those outsiders inside the church pews, as it paints a portrait of piety, compassion, caring, love--all embraced through an embodiment perspective, as the church's members experience these forces in the most personal ways through religious conversion. Central themes include concerns with the notion of "spectacle" because of the grand bodily display that is highlighted by spiritual struggle, social aspiration, punishment and spontaneous explosions of a variety of emotions in the public sphere. The approach to sociology throughout this work incorporates the striking dialectic of history and biography to penetrate and interact with religiously inspired residents of the inner-city in a quest to make sense both empirically and theoretically of this rapidly changing, surprising and highly contradictory late-modern church scene. The focus on the individual process of becoming Pentecostal provides a road map into the church and canvasses an intimate view into the lives of its members, capturing their stories as they proceed in their Pentecostal careers. This book challenges important sociological concepts like crisis to explain religious seekership and conversion, while developing new concepts such as "God Hunting" and "Holy Ghost Capital" to explain the process through which individuals become tongue-speaking Pentecostals. Church members acquire "Holy Ghost Capital" and construct a Pentecostal identity through a relationship narrative to establish personal status and power through conflicting tongue-speaking ideas. Finally, this book examines the futures of the small and large, institutionally affiliated Pentecostal Church and argues that the small Pentecostal Church is better able to resist modern rationalizing forces, retaining the charisma that sparked the initial religious movement. The power of charisma in the small church has far-reaching consequences and implications for the future of Pentecostalism and its followers.
The period in which we live is marked by increasingly frequent and intense cultural encounters of all kinds. However we react to it, the global trend towards mixing or hybridization is impossible to miss, from curry and chips – recently voted the favourite dish in Britain – to Thai saunas, Zen Judaism, Nigerian Kung Fu, ‘Bollywood’ films or salsa or reggae music. Some people celebrate these phenomena, whilst others fear or condemn them. No wonder, then, that theorists such as Homi Bhabha, Stuart Hall, Paul Gilroy, and Ien Ang, have engaged with hybridity in their work and sought to untangle these complex events and reactions; or that a variety of disciplines now devote increasing attention to the works of these theorists and to the processes of cultural encounter, contact, interaction, exchange and hybridization. In this concise book, leading historian Peter Burke considers these fascinating and contested phenomena, ranging over theories, practices, processes and events in a manner that is as wide-ranging and vibrant as the topic at hand.
Since the 1960s, evangelical Christian denominations have made converts throughout much of Roman Catholic Latin America, causing clashes of faith that sometimes escalate to violence. Yet in one Mexican town, Tzintzuntzan, the appearance of new churches has provoked only harmony. Catholics and evangelicals alike profess that "all religions are good," a sentiment not far removed from "here we are all equal," which was commonly spoken in the community before evangelicals arrived. In this paradigm-challenging study, Peter Cahn investigates why the coming of evangelical churches to Tzintzuntzan has produced neither the interfaith clashes nor the economic prosperity that evangelical conversion has brought to other communities in Mexico and Latin America. Drawing on extensive ethnographic fieldwork, he demonstrates that the evangelicals' energetic brand of faith has not erupted into violence because converts continue to participate in communal life, while Catholics, in turn, participate in evangelical practices. He also underscores how Tzintzuntzan's integration into global economic networks strongly motivates the preservation of community identity and encourages this mutual borrowing. At the same time, however, Cahn concludes that the suppression of religious difference undermines the revolutionary potential of religion.
Focusing on the intricate presence of a Japanese new religion (Sekai Kyûseikyô) in the densely populated and primarily Christian environment of Kinshasa (DR Congo), this ethnographic study offers a practitioner-orientated perspective to create a localized picture of religious globalization. Guided by an aesthetic approach to religion, the study moves beyond a focus limited to text and offers insights into the role of religious objects, spiritual technologies and aesthetic repertoires in the production and politics of difference. The boundaries between non-Christian religious minorities and the largely Christian public sphere involve fears and suspicion of "magic" and "occult sciences".
Produced biennially, The World's Water is the most comprehensive and up-to-to date source of information and analysis on freshwater resources. Each new volume examines critical global trends and offers the best data available on a variety of topics related to water. Volume 7 features chapters on U.S. water policy, transboundary waters, and the effects of fossil fuel production on water resources, among other timely issues. Water briefs provide concise updates on topics including bottled water, The Great Lakes Water Agreement, and water and security. The World's Water is coauthored by MacArthur "genius" Peter H. Gleick and his colleagues at the world-renowned Pacific Institute. Since the first volume was published in 1998, the series has become an indispensable resource for professionals in government agencies and nongovernmental organizations, researchers, students, and anyone concerned with water and its use.
Public domain datasets are freely available on the Internet are easy to obtain, and often more up-to-date than those from local sources. This simplifies the modeling process and increases the ability to model basins anywhere in the world, from anywhere with Internet access. Although not all types of data are available, and some conversions may be needed, the information provided does allow for quick and easy simulations of basins. The Semi-Distributed Land-Use Runoff Process (SLURP) hydrological model has been designed to take advantage of such data sources. The application described in this report uses public domain data for topography, land use, seasonal variation in leaf area index (for transpiration) and climate data- all without calibration of parameters.
River basins are complex areas, combining the natural processes of precipitation, evapotranspiration, surface water and groundwater runoff with man-made features such as dams and reservoirs, diversions and irrigation schemes, and industrial and urban water uses. Computer models may be constructed to represent these natural and man-made processes. Such models are used to help understand processes that are difficult to measure (such as evaporation) and to study the effects of changes in land cover, water management or climate on the natural and man-made processes.
The impacts of climate change on agricultural systems and rural economies are already evident throughout Europe and Central Asia. This study, Reducing the Vulnerability of Georgia’s Agricultural Systems to Climate Change, provides a menu of options for climate change adaptation in the agricultural and water resources sectors in Georgia.
A clear understanding of the current water balance is required to explore options for water saving measures. However, measurement of all the terms in the water balance is infeasible in terms of spatial and temporal scale, but hydrological simulation models can fill the gap between measured and required data. For a basin in Western Turkey, simulation modeling at three different scales, field, irrigation scheme and basin scale, was performed to obtain all terms of the water balance. These water balance numbers were used to calculate the Productivity of Water at the three spatial levels distinguished to assess the performance of the systems.
An overview of an experiment in which 8 different methods of estimating actual evaporation and transpiration were compared using a common database. Methods based on field data, hydrological models, and satellite data were used and the objectives were to compare results and to assess the utility of each method for various applications.
A global estimate of the potential for rain-fed agriculture could provide an answer to the question “How much irrigation is required?” Global studies done to date have relied on course resolution climate data (0.5-1 degree arc). In this study a high-resolution climate dataset (10-minute arc) was combined with a soil water storage capacity map and a dynamic water and crop model to estimate the potential for rain-fed agriculture. The methodology applied here, based ona high-resolution climate dataset, allows analyses on a global scale without losing the smaller regional-scale issues.
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