No one can ever have secure knowledge about the gods and creatures, and should anyone hit by chance upon the right thing, he will not know it for sure; that is why everything that we believe to be true is "opinion". XENOPHANES around 500 B.C. (According to ROD 1988, p.85) The goal of phylogenetic systematics (cladistics) is to discover the kinship relations between all organisms on earth and to translate the order we perceive in Nature into an equivalent man-made system. Although the goal is easily formulated, the path is thorny, and the results achieved continue to be imperfect. This is the fate of any science that bases its propositions on the interpretation of histor ical evidence. The diversity found in the millions of species originated as a result of the continuous splitting of biopopulations through time. Combined with this was the emergence of hierarchically linked des cent communities of species. We call the process of origin of descent communities phylogenesis. We do not know, however, the exact course of phylogenesis - we can only formulate hypotheses. The historical evidence at hand consists of the feature patterns of extant species and of extinct species with their combination of original and derived traits which are the result of evolution.
The system of multicellular animals presented here is an alternative to the traditional classification system. In a new approach to the phylogenetic order, this book strives for an objective systematization of the metazoa, seeking a new path in the field of academic research and teaching.
YANOMAMO INTERACTIVE: THE AX FIGHT sets a new standard in the teaching of cultural anthropology, using the power of multimedia to enhance and extend the experience of viewing Chagnon and Asch's classic ethnographic film.
This is a print on demand publication. This work deals with a topic to which philosophy, most notably analytic philosophy, has given considerable attention. Indian thinkers discuss the denotation of generic terms in a very sophisticated manner at a very early time. This book seeks to make these discussions available to philosophers today. Tables.
This book, first published in 2004, provides an introduction to the major mathematical structures used in physics today. It covers the concepts and techniques needed for topics such as group theory, Lie algebras, topology, Hilbert space and differential geometry. Important theories of physics such as classical and quantum mechanics, thermodynamics, and special and general relativity are also developed in detail, and presented in the appropriate mathematical language. The book is suitable for advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students in mathematical and theoretical physics, as well as applied mathematics. It includes numerous exercises and worked examples, to test the reader's understanding of the various concepts, as well as extending the themes covered in the main text. The only prerequisites are elementary calculus and linear algebra. No prior knowledge of group theory, abstract vector spaces or topology is required.
Fundamentals of Nonlinear Optics encompasses a broad spectrum of nonlinear phenomena from second-harmonic generation to soliton formation. The wide use of nonlinear optical phenomena in laboratories and commercial devices requires familiarity with the underlying physics as well as practical device considerations. This text adopts a combined approach to analyze the complimentary aspects of nonlinear optics, enabling a fundamental understanding of both a given effect and practical device applications. After a review chapter on linear phenomena important to nonlinear optics, the book tackles nonlinear phenomena with a look at the technologically important processes of second-harmonic generation, sum-frequency and difference-frequency generation, and the electro-optic effect. The author covers these processes in considerable detail at both theoretical and practical levels as the formalisms developed for these effects carry to subsequent topics, such as four-wave mixing, self-phase modulation, Raman scattering, Brillouin scattering, and soliton formation. Consistently connecting theory, process, effects, and applications, this introductory text encourages students to master key concepts and to solve nonlinear optics problems—preparing them for more advanced study. Along with extensive problems at the end of each chapter, it presents general algorithms accessible to any scientific graphical and programming package. Watch the author speak about the book.
Introductory statistics textbook with a focus on data science topics such as prediction, correlation, and data exploration Statistics for Data Science and Analytics is a comprehensive guide to statistical analysis using Python, presenting important topics useful for data science such as prediction, correlation, and data exploration. The authors provide an introduction to statistical science and big data, as well as an overview of Python data structures and operations. A range of statistical techniques are presented with their implementation in Python, including hypothesis testing, probability, exploratory data analysis, categorical variables, surveys and sampling, A/B testing, and correlation. The text introduces binary classification, a foundational element of machine learning, validation of statistical models by applying them to holdout data, and probability and inference via the easy-to-understand method of resampling and the bootstrap instead of using a myriad of “kitchen sink” formulas. Regression is taught both as a tool for explanation and for prediction. This book is informed by the authors’ experience designing and teaching both introductory statistics and machine learning at Statistics.com. Each chapter includes practical examples, explanations of the underlying concepts, and Python code snippets to help readers apply the techniques themselves. Statistics for Data Science and Analytics includes information on sample topics such as: Int, float, and string data types, numerical operations, manipulating strings, converting data types, and advanced data structures like lists, dictionaries, and sets Experiment design via randomizing, blinding, and before-after pairing, as well as proportions and percents when handling binary data Specialized Python packages like numpy, scipy, pandas, scikit-learn and statsmodels—the workhorses of data science—and how to get the most value from them Statistical versus practical significance, random number generators, functions for code reuse, and binomial and normal probability distributions Written by and for data science instructors, Statistics for Data Science and Analytics is an excellent learning resource for data science instructors prescribing a required intro stats course for their programs, as well as other students and professionals seeking to transition to the data science field.
An arrangement of hyperplanes is a finite collection of codimension one affine subspaces in a finite dimensional vector space. Arrangements have emerged independently as important objects in various fields of mathematics such as combinatorics, braids, configuration spaces, representation theory, reflection groups, singularity theory, and in computer science and physics. This book is the first comprehensive study of the subject. It treats arrangements with methods from combinatorics, algebra, algebraic geometry, topology, and group actions. It emphasizes general techniques which illuminate the connections among the different aspects of the subject. Its main purpose is to lay the foundations of the theory. Consequently, it is essentially self-contained and proofs are provided. Nevertheless, there are several new results here. In particular, many theorems that were previously known only for central arrangements are proved here for the first time in completegenerality. The text provides the advanced graduate student entry into a vital and active area of research. The working mathematician will findthe book useful as a source of basic results of the theory, open problems, and a comprehensive bibliography of the subject.
A detailed look at some of the more modern issues of hydrodynamic stability, including transient growth, eigenvalue spectra, secondary instability. It presents analytical results and numerical simulations, linear and selected nonlinear stability methods. By including classical results as well as recent developments in the field of hydrodynamic stability and transition, the book can be used as a textbook for an introductory, graduate-level course in stability theory or for a special-topics fluids course. It is equally of value as a reference for researchers in the field of hydrodynamic stability theory or with an interest in recent developments in fluid dynamics. Stability theory has seen a rapid development over the past decade, this book includes such new developments as direct numerical simulations of transition to turbulence and linear analysis based on the initial-value problem.
At least four research fields detennine the theoretical background of specification and deduction in computer science: recursion theory, automated theorem proving, abstract data types and tenn rewriting systems. As these areas approach each other more and more, the strong distinctions between functional and relational views, deductive and denotational approaches as well as between specification and programming are relieved in favour of their integration. The book will not expose the lines of this development; conversely, it starts out from the nucleus of Hom clause logic and brings forth both known and unknown results, most of which affect more than one of the fields mentioned above. Chapter 1 touches on historical issues of specification and prototyping and delimits the topics handled in this book from others which are at the core of related work. Chapter 2 provides the fundamental notions and notations needed for the presentation and interpretation of many-sorted Horn clause theories with equality. Chapter 3 supplies a number of sample Hom clause specifications ranging from arithmetic through string manipulation to higher data structures and interpreters of programming languages. Some of these examples serve as a reference to illustrate definitions and results, others may throw a light on the strong link between specifications and programs, which are executed by applying deduction rules. Thus we have included examples of how to use program trans/ormation methods in specification design.
The tenth volume of "Gums and Stabilisers for the Food Industry" provides an up-to-date account of the latest research developments in the characterisation, properties and applications of polysaccharides and proteins used in food.
This unique reference source, edited by the world's most respected expert on molecular interaction field software, covers all relevant principles of the GRID force field and its applications in medicinal chemistry. Entire chapters on 3D-QSAR, pharmacophore searches, docking studies, metabolism predictions and protein selectivity studies, among others, offer a concise overview of this emerging field. As an added bonus, this handbook includes a CD-ROM with the latest commercial versions of the GRID program and related software.
This book is an extensively elaborated treatise on physical layer concepts of advanced mobile communications. Setting out from the author's own experience of university teaching for over three decades, the book covers the most fundamental aspects of physical layer transceivers for mobile communications ranging from approximation schemes such as sampling, the Fourier series and the Fourier transformation over multi-antenna techniques including aspects of curvilinear coordinate systems, tensor calculus, determinant computation rules, array antennas, spatial sampling, details on probability theory and information theory, optimum detection with soft outputs and spatial multiplexing to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing.
The art and the science of building systems design evolve continuously as designers, practitioners, and researchers all endeavor to improve the performance of buildings and the comfort and productivity of their occupants. Retaining coverage from the original second edition while updating the information in electronic form, Heating and Cooling of Buildings: Design for Efficiency, Revised Second Edition presents the technical basis for designing the lighting and mechanical systems of buildings. Along with numerous homework problems, the revised second edition offers a full chapter on economic analysis and optimization, new heating and cooling load procedures and databases, and simplified procedures for ground coupled heat transfer calculations. The accompanying CD-ROM contains an updated version of the Heating and Cooling of Buildings (HCB) software program as well as electronic appendices that include over 1,000 tables in HTML format that can be searched by major categories, a table list, or an index of topics. Ancillary information is available on the book’s website www.hcbcentral.com From materials to computers, this edition explores the latest technologies exerting a profound effect on the design and operation of buildings. Emphasizing design optimization and critical thinking, the book continues to be the ultimate resource for understanding energy use in buildings.
This is an essentially self-contained book on the theory of convex functions and convex optimization in Banach spaces, with a special interest in Orlicz spaces. Approximate algorithms based on the stability principles and the solution of the corresponding nonlinear equations are developed in this text. A synopsis of the geometry of Banach spaces, aspects of stability and the duality of different levels of differentiability and convexity is developed. A particular emphasis is placed on the geometrical aspects of strong solvability of a convex optimization problem: it turns out that this property is equivalent to local uniform convexity of the corresponding convex function. This treatise also provides a novel approach to the fundamental theorems of Variational Calculus based on the principle of pointwise minimization of the Lagrangian on the one hand and convexification by quadratic supplements using the classical Legendre-Ricatti equation on the other. The reader should be familiar with the concepts of mathematical analysis and linear algebra. Some awareness of the principles of measure theory will turn out to be helpful. The book is suitable for students of the second half of undergraduate studies, and it provides a rich set of material for a master course on linear and nonlinear functional analysis. Additionally it offers novel aspects at the advanced level. From the contents: Approximation and Polya Algorithms in Orlicz Spaces Convex Sets and Convex Functions Numerical Treatment of Non-linear Equations and Optimization Problems Stability and Two-stage Optimization Problems Orlicz Spaces, Orlicz Norm and Duality Differentiability and Convexity in Orlicz Spaces Variational Calculus
This book is devoted to the mathematical analysis of the numerical solution of boundary integral equations treating boundary value, transmission and contact problems arising in elasticity, acoustic and electromagnetic scattering. It serves as the mathematical foundation of the boundary element methods (BEM) both for static and dynamic problems. The book presents a systematic approach to the variational methods for boundary integral equations including the treatment with variational inequalities for contact problems. It also features adaptive BEM, hp-version BEM, coupling of finite and boundary element methods – efficient computational tools that have become extremely popular in applications. Familiarizing readers with tools like Mellin transformation and pseudodifferential operators as well as convex and nonsmooth analysis for variational inequalities, it concisely presents efficient, state-of-the-art boundary element approximations and points to up-to-date research. The authors are well known for their fundamental work on boundary elements and related topics, and this book is a major contribution to the modern theory of the BEM (especially for error controlled adaptive methods and for unilateral contact and dynamic problems) and is a valuable resource for applied mathematicians, engineers, scientists and graduate students.
Matrix algebra; Determinants, inverse matrices, and rank; Linear, euclidean, and unitary spaces; Linear transformations and matrices; Linear transformations in unitary spaces and simple matrices; The jordan canonical form: a geometric approach; Matrix polynomials and normal forms; The variational method; Functions of matrices; Norms and bounds for eigenvalues; Perturbation theory; Linear matrices equations and generalized inverses; Stability problems; Matrix polynomials; Nonnegative matrices.
Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics merges two long-running serials-Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics and Advances in Optical and Electron Microscopy. This series features extended articles on the physics of electron devices (especially semiconductor devices), particle optics at high and low energies, microlithography, image science and digital image processing, electromagnetic wave propagation, electron microscopy, and the computing methods used in all these domains.
* An applied focus for electrical engineers and materials scientists. * Theoretical results supported with real-world systems and applications. * Includes worked examples and self-study questions. * Solutions manual available.
The four-volume set LNCS 2657, LNCS 2658, LNCS 2659, and LNCS 2660 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Third International Conference on Computational Science, ICCS 2003, held concurrently in Melbourne, Australia and in St. Petersburg, Russia in June 2003. The four volumes present more than 460 reviewed contributed and invited papers and span the whole range of computational science, from foundational issues in computer science and algorithmic mathematics to advanced applications in virtually all application fields making use of computational techniques. These proceedings give a unique account of recent results in the field.
Most teens feel alienated from the adult world but Sam Kahu is more alienated than most. For a start his home just burned down and all his friends and family are missing, presumed dead. Worse, he knows they are out to get him, and if he doesn't successfully hide within the system he could find himself inside a UFO having his brain dissected. Fortunately he has a few resources: he's innately psychic, and he has high technology gadgets. But the most promising development is the young, lesbian, youth aid cop assigned to his case. Because pretty soon she's going to need help, and he has a strange feeling he's met her somewhere before. Over six novel sized parts Changels Genesis tells the story of six psychic teenagers from around the world, and how they were trained and equipped to become superheroes: the Changels - the self appointed guardian angels of global change. Told by Sam, it's a personal story of growth, minorities, true conspiracies and alien biological warfare in the early 21st century. It is not suitable for readers under 13. Changels Genesis mixes fact and fantasy so that it's hard to tell the difference.
Discover an accessible and easy-to-use guide to calculus fundamentals In Quick Calculus: A Self-Teaching Guide, 3rd Edition, a team of expert MIT educators delivers a hands-on and practical handbook to essential calculus concepts and terms. The author explores calculus techniques and applications, showing readers how to immediately implement the concepts discussed within to help solve real-world problems. In the book, readers will find: An accessible introduction to the basics of differential and integral calculus An interactive self-teaching guide that offers frequent questions and practice problems with solutions. A format that enables them to monitor their progress and gauge their knowledge This latest edition provides new sections, rewritten introductions, and worked examples that demonstrate how to apply calculus concepts to problems in physics, health sciences, engineering, statistics, and other core sciences. Quick Calculus: A Self-Teaching Guide, 3rd Edition is an invaluable resource for students and lifelong learners hoping to strengthen their foundations in calculus.
This book analyzes the impact of quiescent phases on biological models. Quiescence arises, for example, when moving individuals stop moving, hunting predators take a rest, infected individuals are isolated, or cells enter the quiescent compartment of the cell cycle. In the first chapter of Topics in Mathematical Biology general principles about coupled and quiescent systems are derived, including results on shrinking periodic orbits and stabilization of oscillations via quiescence. In subsequent chapters classical biological models are presented in detail and challenged by the introduction of quiescence. These models include delay equations, demographic models, age structured models, Lotka-Volterra systems, replicator systems, genetic models, game theory, Nash equilibria, evolutionary stable strategies, ecological models, epidemiological models, random walks and reaction-diffusion models. In each case we find new and interesting results such as stability of fixed points and/or periodic orbits, excitability of steady states, epidemic outbreaks, survival of the fittest, and speeds of invading fronts. The textbook is intended for graduate students and researchers in mathematical biology who have a solid background in linear algebra, differential equations and dynamical systems. Readers can find gems of unexpected beauty within these pages, and those who knew K.P. (as he was often called) well will likely feel his presence and hear him speaking to them as they read.
Differential Game Theory with Applications to Missiles and Autonomous Systems explains the use of differential game theory in autonomous guidance and control systems. The book begins with an introduction to the basic principles before considering optimum control and game theory. Two-party and multi-party game theory and guidance are then covered and, finally, the theory is demonstrated through simulation examples and models and the simulation results are discussed. Recent developments in the area of guidance and autonomous systems are also presented. Key features: Presents new developments and how they relate to established control systems knowledge. Demonstrates the theory through simulation examples and models. Covers two-party and multi-party game theory and guidance. Accompanied by a website hosting MATLAB® code. The book is essential reading for researchers and practitioners in the aerospace and defence industries as well as graduate students in aerospace engineering.
This book provides an overview of the main approaches used to analyze the dynamics of cellular automata. Cellular automata are an indispensable tool in mathematical modeling. In contrast to classical modeling approaches like partial differential equations, cellular automata are relatively easy to simulate but difficult to analyze. In this book we present a review of approaches and theories that allow the reader to understand the behavior of cellular automata beyond simulations. The first part consists of an introduction to cellular automata on Cayley graphs, and their characterization via the fundamental Cutis-Hedlund-Lyndon theorems in the context of various topological concepts (Cantor, Besicovitch and Weyl topology). The second part focuses on classification results: What classification follows from topological concepts (Hurley classification), Lyapunov stability (Gilman classification), and the theory of formal languages and grammars (Kůrka classification)? These classifications suggest that cellular automata be clustered, similar to the classification of partial differential equations into hyperbolic, parabolic and elliptic equations. This part of the book culminates in the question of whether the properties of cellular automata are decidable. Surjectivity and injectivity are examined, and the seminal Garden of Eden theorems are discussed. In turn, the third part focuses on the analysis of cellular automata that inherit distinct properties, often based on mathematical modeling of biological, physical or chemical systems. Linearity is a concept that allows us to define self-similar limit sets. Models for particle motion show how to bridge the gap between cellular automata and partial differential equations (HPP model and ultradiscrete limit). Pattern formation is related to linear cellular automata, to the Bar-Yam model for the Turing pattern, and Greenberg-Hastings automata for excitable media. In addition, models for sand piles, the dynamics of infectious d
This book is based on two series of lectures given at a summer school on algebraic combinatorics at the Sophus Lie Centre in Nordfjordeid, Norway, in June 2003, one by Peter Orlik on hyperplane arrangements, and the other one by Volkmar Welker on free resolutions. Both topics are essential parts of current research in a variety of mathematical fields, and the present book makes these sophisticated tools available for graduate students.
Control theory represents an attempt to codify, in mathematical terms, the principles and techniques used in the analysis and design of control systems. Algebraic geometry may, in an elementary way, be viewed as the study of the structure and properties of the solutions of systems of algebraic equations. The aim of this book is to provide access to the methods of algebraic geometry for engineers and applied scientists through the motivated context of control theory" .* The development which culminated with this volume began over twenty-five years ago with a series of lectures at the control group of the Lund Institute of Technology in Sweden. I have sought throughout to strive for clarity, often using constructive methods and giving several proofs of a particular result as well as many examples. The first volume dealt with the simplest control systems (i.e., single input, single output linear time-invariant systems) and with the simplest algebraic geometry (i.e., affine algebraic geometry). While this is quite satisfactory and natural for scalar systems, the study of multi-input, multi-output linear time invariant control systems requires projective algebraic geometry. Thus, this second volume deals with multi-variable linear systems and pro jective algebraic geometry. The results are deeper and less transparent, but are also quite essential to an understanding of linear control theory. A review of * From the Preface to Part 1. viii Preface the scalar theory is included along with a brief summary of affine algebraic geometry (Appendix E).
This book covers recent results in linear algebra with indefinite inner product. It includes applications to differential and difference equations with symmetries, matrix polynomials and Riccati equations. These applications are based on linear algebra in spaces with indefinite inner product. The latter forms an independent branch of linear algebra called indefinite linear algebra. This new subject is presented following the principles of a standard linear algebra course.
A great deal of progress has been made recently in the field of asymptotic formulas that arise in the theory of Dirac and Laplace type operators. Asymptotic Formulae in Spectral Geometry collects these results and computations into one book. Written by a leading pioneer in the field, it focuses on the functorial and special cases methods of computi
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