Spanish explorer and historian PEDRO SARMIENTO DE GAMBOA (1532-1592) spent more than twenty years in Peru. During that time he collected what was, at the time of its writing in 1572, the most accurate history of Incan civilization. De Gamboa personally interviewed many Incas around Cuzco in order to hear the songs and stories of their ancestors. This history was not gathered without an ulterior motive, however. De Gamboa aimed to show that the Inca were cruel tyrants who had usurped the land they were living on when the Spaniards found them. By showing that the Inca deserved the treatment they got from the Spanish crown, De Gamboa hoped to save his country's reputation on the world stage. Scholars and amateur historians will find here fascinating Incan mythology as well as thorough explanations of Incan society. This replica of a 1907 British edition also includes The Execution of the Inca Tupac Amaru, by the 16th-century Spaniard CAPTAIN BALTASAR DE OCAMPO.
The countries of Latin America have suffered through numerous foreign interventions and domestic wars in the nearly two centuries that have followed its independence. These conflicts have also given rise to mass mobilizations of middle-class professionals, women, peasants, urban workers, and Indians, who sought to carve out a more active public role in the new states that emerged from these struggles. In some cases, elites and their military allies violently repressed the newly emerging forces. Recent research has begun to place greater emphasis on the lives of common people and the interventions they had on the larger events of the day. Eight chapters written by different scholars show the the importance of the actions of civilians in wars in Latin America. Chapters describing civilians' roles and lives through wars in Latin America are supplemented by recommended print and online resources for further study, a glossary defining important terms and concepts, and a timeline putting events into a chronological context.
A collection of interviews that documents the 22-year long cinematic career of the most internationally celebrated Spanish art-film director since Luís Buñuel
Derived from the renowned multi-volume International Encyclopaedia of Laws, this practical guide to cyber law – the law affecting information and communication technology (ICT) – in Spain covers every aspect of the subject, including intellectual property rights in the ICT sector, relevant competition rules, drafting and negotiating ICT-related contracts, electronic transactions, privacy issues, and computer crime. Lawyers who handle transnational matters will appreciate the detailed explanation of specific characteristics of practice and procedure. Following a general introduction, the book assembles its information and guidance in seven main areas of practice: the regulatory framework of the electronic communications market; software protection, legal protection of databases or chips, and other intellectual property matters; contracts with regard to software licensing and network services, with special attention to case law in this area; rules with regard to electronic evidence, regulation of electronic signatures, electronic banking, and electronic commerce; specific laws and regulations with respect to the liability of network operators and service providers and related product liability; protection of individual persons in the context of the processing of personal data and confidentiality; and the application of substantive criminal law in the area of ICT. Its succinct yet scholarly nature, as well as the practical quality of the information it provides, make this book a valuable time-saving tool for business and legal professionals alike. Lawyers representing parties with interests in Spain will welcome this very useful guide, and academics and researchers will appreciate its value in the study of comparative law in this relatively new and challenging field.
Dazzled by the sight of the vast treasure of gold and silver being unloaded at Seville’s docks in 1537, a teenaged Pedro de Cieza de León vowed to join the Spanish effort in the New World, become an explorer, and write what would become the earliest historical account of the conquest of Peru. Available for the first time in English, this history of Peru is based largely on interviews with Cieza’s conquistador compatriates, as well as with Indian informants knowledgeable of the Incan past. Alexandra Parma Cook and Noble David Cook present this recently discovered third book of a four-part chronicle that provides the most thorough and definitive record of the birth of modern Andean America. It describes with unparalleled detail the exploration of the Pacific coast of South America led by Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro, the imprisonment and death of the Inca Atahualpa, the Indian resistance, and the ultimate Spanish domination. Students and scholars of Latin American history and conquest narratives will welcome the publication of this volume.
The Manueline: Portuguese Art during the Great Discoveries reveals the splendours of an era that skilfully brought Portugal into the Modern Age. Alongside the formidable adventures of the Great Maritime Discoveries, King Manuel I (1469–1521) included the related fields of both Church and State in artistic activities that were without precedent. What resulted was a style which was not only historically unique, but which was perfectly emblematic of its country of origin and of the monarch after which it was named. Fourteen itineraries invite you to discover 182 museums, monuments and sites in 60 locations.
Primary source of information on pre-Conquest Incan history, traditions and chronology. Full details of ceremonies, festivals, and religious beliefs, origin of the Incas, arrival of the Spaniards, much more. 2 maps. Bibliography.
The integration of geology with data science disciplines, such as spatial statistics, remote sensing, and geographic information systems (GIS), has given rise to a shift in many natural sciences schools, pushing the boundaries of knowledge and enabling new discoveries in geological processes and earth systems. Spatial analysis of geological data can be used to identify patterns and trends in data, to map spatial relationships, and to model spatial processes. R is a consolidated and yet growing statistical programming language with increasing value in spatial analysis often replacing, with advantage, GIS tools. By providing a comprehensive guide for geologists to harness the power of spatial analysis in R, Spatial Analysis in Geology Using R serves as a tool in addressing real-world problems, such as natural resource management, environmental conservation, and hazard prediction and mitigation. Features: Provides a practical and accessible overview of spatial analysis in geology using R Organised in three independent and complementary parts: Introduction to R, Spatial Analysis with R, and Spatial Statistics and Modelling Applied approach with many detailed examples and case studies using real geological data Presents a collection of R packages that are useful in many geological situations Does not assume any prior knowledge of R; all code are explained in detail Supplemented by a website with all data, code, and examples Spatial Analysis in Geology Using R will be useful to any geological researcher who has acquired basic spatial analysis skills, often using GIS, and is interested in deepening those skills through the use of R. It could be used as a reference by applied researchers and analysts in public, private, or third-sector industries. It could also be used to teach a course on the topic to graduate students or for self-study.
Focusing on the recovery of chess in Spain and Europe after World War II, this book traces the development of the International Chess Tournaments in Gijon from 1944 to 1965. The authors cover the decline of world champion Alekhine and the rise of the child prodigy Arturo Pomar, along with the great chess of Euwe, Rossolimo, Prins, Medina, Larsen and others. Drawing on primary sources and testimonies of former players and organizers, chapters feature the tournament tables, winner's biographies, historical commentaries and 213 games. Appendices with biographical notes and tables of participants for each year are included.
Manila, 1645 reconstructs what the city of Manila was like before the earthquakes of the mid-seventeenth century. The book demonstrates the importance of addressing the history of Southeast Asia as a multi-layered framework, rather than a series of entangled histories. In doing so, Manila is contextualized not merely as a Spanish settlement connected to New Spain via America, but instead within Southeast Asia, situated between the Chinese and the Sulú Seas, and located in the centre of commercial routes used by Armenian, Dutch, and Portuguese traders. This historical and geographical context is crucial to understanding later cultural dialogues. Urban planning, housing and architecture, and social networks in the city are also examined. The book will appeal to students and scholars interested in early modern history, global history and architectural history.
Whether you want to take up Spanish from scratch or brush up on your existing skills, this practical guide offers helpful lessons, cultural facts, handy references and much more. Included is a Spanish-English mini-dictionary and common verb lists.
The Fiscal Institutions of Tomorrow, the first publication in the series Institutions for People, addresses issues of public management that are key to economic development in Latin America and the Caribbean. It presents the challenges that the countries in the region face to strengthen fiscal institutions with a view to the future and with policy recommendations. This publication serves as reference material for policymakers and economic analysts interested in studying the evolution of fiscal institutions in the region and identifying areas to improve governance.
Although relations with Central America dominated U.S. foreign policy with its southern neighbors during the 1980s, relations with Mexico will likely shape U.S. foreign policy in the next decade. This book examines the troubled nature of the triangular link between Mexico, Central America, and the United States in order to understand the implications of U.S. policy for peace and development in the Western Hemisphere. The book begins with an analysis of Mexico's foreign policy and its historical role in seeking diplomatic solutions to volatile situations in Central America. The authors then assess the probable impact on the region of increased economic integration, particularly the U.S.-Mexico free trade agreement, especially important in light of Mexico's enormous debt and immigration issues. Special attention is also given to diplomatic aspects of the relationship, with a focus on the process of negotiations to resolve conflicts in Central America. A lengthy epilogue offers critical commentary on key issues discussed in the text by such prominent figures as Jesse Jackson, Carlos Vilas, David Ibarra, and Guadalupe Gonzales.
It is a science fiction and fantasy novel, with lots of humor, irony and touches of nonsense. A somewhat odd and mediocre writer is surprised to receive an invitation to a 'Congress on Secret Literature', that will take place in a small and remote village in Extremadura, called Higueras. It is all wrapped in a strange mystery, and the information he receives on the subject is scarce and rather confusing. But since he has nothing better to do but get bored, he decides to participate in it. The picturesque and peaceful village of Higueras - after a strange journey of which little remembers - is exceptionally empty, fictitious and spectral. Only three other writers - Rocío, Román and Raúl - have attended this phantom and'secret' symposium. There, they are greeted by a strange character named Doctor Faustino. But the literary symposium will soon reveal itself as a farce and an excuse to keep them in the strange place. On what grounds? Are they really where they think they are? Do they live in the present or have they been moved to a remote, post-apocalyptic future? Is Higueras a village in Extremadura or a huge fiction? Is Faustino who he says he is? What are those strange noises? Why did you try to clone the illustrious writer Francisco Umbral? This novel is a journey back in time - we don't quite know when - in which a small town could be inhabited by clones with powers, grotesque TV presenters and creepy monsters.
The Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROI or EROEI) is the amount of energy acquired from a particular energy source divided by the energy expended, or invested, in obtaining that energy. EROI is an essential and seemingly simple measure of the usable energy or “energy profit” from the exploitation of an energy source, but it is not so easy to determine all of the energy expenditures that should be included in the calculation. Because EROI values are generally low for renewable energy sources, differences in these estimates can lead to sharply divergent conclusions about the viability of these energy technologies. This book presents the first complete energy analysis of a large-scale, real-world deployment of photovoltaic (PV) collection systems representing 3.5 GW of installed, grid-connected solar plants in Spain. The analysis includes all of the factors that limit and adjust the real electricity output through one full-year cycle, and all of the fossil fuel inputs required to achieve these results. The authors’ comprehensive analysis of energy inputs, which assigns energy cost estimates to all financial expenditures, yields EROI values that are less than half of those claimed by other investigators and by the solar industry. Sensitivity analysis is used to test various assumptions in deriving these EROI estimates. The results imply that the EROI of current, large-scale PV systems may be too low to seamlessly support an energy and economic transition away from fossil fuels. Given the pervasiveness of fossil fuel subsidies in the modern economy, a key conclusion is that all components of the system that brings solar power to the consumer, from manufacturing to product maintenance and life cycle, must be improved in terms of energy efficiency. The materials science of solar conversion efficiency is only one such component. Sunny Spain represented an ideal case study as the country had the highest penetration of solar PV energy at 2.3 percent of total national demand as well as state-of-the-art expertise in solar power including grid management of intermittent, modern renewable systems. This book, written by a uniquely qualified author team consisting of the chief engineer for several major photovoltaic projects in Spain and the world’s leading expert on the concept and application of EROI, provides a comprehensive understanding of the net energy available to society from energy sources in general and from functioning PV installations under real-world conditions in particular. The authors provide critical insight into the capacity of renewable energy sources to fill the foreseeable gap between world energy demand and depletion rates for fossil fuels. · Presents the first comprehensive study of the EROI of large-scale solar PV systems in a developed country · Uses real-world operational data rather than laboratory approximations and extrapolations · Describes the dependence of one alternative energy source on the goods and services of a fossil-fueled economy · Has global implications for the potential of renewable energy sources to replace dwindling reserves of fossil fuels · Written with the first-hand knowledge of the chief, on-site engineer for many solar installations in Spain together with the leader in the development and application of the concept of EROI
Fungi research and knowledge grew rapidly following recent advances in genetics and genomics. This book synthesizes new knowledge with existing information to stimulate new scientific questions and propel fungal scientists on to the next stages of research. This book is a comprehensive guide on fungi, environmental sensing, genetics, genomics, interactions with microbes, plants, insects, and humans, technological applications, and natural product development.
MUDÉJAR ART: Islamic Aesthetics in Christian Art reveals the fascinating exuberance of a unique cultural and artistic symbiosis that characterises Christian Spain after the Reconquista. The Mudéjars were Muslims allowed to stay in the reconquered territories. Their artists and artisans strongly influenced the culture and art of the new Christian kingdoms. In Aragon, Castille, Extremadura and Andalucía sumptuously decorated brick churches, monasteries and palaces illustrate perfectly the creative endurance of Islamic forms in Christian art between the 11th and 16th centuries in Spain. Thirteen Itineraries invite you to discover 124 museums, monuments and sites in Madrid, Guadalajara, Saragossa, Tordesillas, Toledo, Guadalupe and Seville (among others). With Index of Locations.
A dramatic novel written from the heart with emotional and dramatic chapters that will take you to an historic moment seen through the eyes of a Peruvian family, specifically of a child in the 1970s, where necessity and hunger were everyday challenges and faith and religion both in schools and in family were essential to cope with such survival. A novel about a family’s survival, in which, thanks to the author’s good use of description, you’ll get to know all the places and characters in detail, whose stories will make you emotional one page after the other. The vicissitudes of some lives narrated from adolescence and where sometimes a criticism of the government is glimpsed.
The world's agenda of international cooperation has changed. The conventional concerns of foreign affairs, international trade, and development assistance, are increasingly sharing the political center stage with a new set of issues. These include trans-border concerns such as global financial stability and market efficiency, risk of global climate change, bio-diversity conservation, control of resurgent and new communicable diseases, food safety, cyber crime and e-commerce, control of drug trafficking, and international terrorism and weapons of mass destruction. Globalization and increasing porosity of national borders have been key driving forces that have led to growing interdependence and interlocking of the public domains--and therefore, public policy concerns--of countries, governments, private businesses, civil society, and people at large. Thus, new and different issues are now occupying top places on national policy agendas, and consequently, on the agendas of international negotiating forums. The policy approaches to global challenges are also changing. A proliferation and diversification of international cooperation efforts include focus on financing arrangements. Financing of international cooperation in most instances is a haphazard and non-transparent process and often seems to run parallel to international negotiations. There are many unfunded mandates and many-non-mandatory funds. To agree on and to achieve international economic goals, we need to understand how financing of international cooperation efforts actually works. Our understanding is hampered by two gaps: 1) lack of an integrated and cohesive theoretical framework; 2) lack of consolidated empirical and operational knowledge in the form of a comprehensive inventory of past, current and possible future (i.e. currently deliberated) financing mechanisms. This book reduces these two gaps and provides a guide to improve our ability to finance international cooperation.
How to face 'the faces' of cardiac pacing represents an editor's compiled selection of lectures on cardiac pacing and electrophysiology. Electrical stimulation of the heart is an ever-changing and, at times, explosive field. The number of implanting centres is growing tremendously and pacing is not exclusively confined to arrhythmologists. Therefore, the editors attempted to organize a course being both practical in daily clinical management and instructive in understanding technical concepts. The glossary of terms have to be clearly understood before one is able to interpret the complex electrocardiograms of DDD and especially DDDR pacemakers. Those electrocardiograms have to be approached in a system atic way, using a step-by-step analysis. The main clinical symptom requiring pacemaker implantation is syncope. It cannot be over-emphasized that syncope is a clinical diagnosis merely based on history and physical examination. The organization of a pacemaker follow-up clinic depends on local facilities and needs. The effectiveness of pacing controls markedly increases when using a systematic approach. Repeated optimal adjustment of pro grammable functions is part of the control. Antiarrhythmic drugs are loosing popularity in the treatment of tachy arrhythmias. Nonpharmacologic treatment (antitachypacing, implantable defi brillators and antiarrhythmic surgery) at the present time have definite indications, probably expanding in the future. When complexity in electronic devices increases, repercussions on ex penses, either by the government or social and private insurances, needs consideration.
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