The book is about (associative, Lie and other) algebras, groups, semigroups presented by generators and defining relations. They play a great role in modern mathematics. It is enough to mention the quantum groups and Hopf algebra theory, the Kac-Moody and Borcherds algebra theory, the braid groups and Hecke algebra theory, the Coxeter groups and semisimple Lie algebra theory, the plactic monoid theory. One of the main problems for such presentations is the problem of normal forms of their elements. Classical examples of such normal forms give the Poincaré-Birkhoff-Witt theorem for universal enveloping algebras and Artin-Markov normal form theorem for braid groups in Burau generators.What is now called Gröbner-Shirshov bases theory is a general approach to the problem. It was created by a Russian mathematician A I Shirshov (1921-1981) for Lie algebras (explicitly) and associative algebras (implicitly) in 1962. A few years later, H Hironaka created a theory of standard bases for topological commutative algebra and B Buchberger initiated this kind of theory for commutative algebras, the Gröbner basis theory. The Shirshov paper was largely unknown outside Russia. The book covers this gap in the modern mathematical literature. Now Gröbner-Shirshov bases method has many applications both for classical algebraic structures (associative, Lie algebra, groups, semigroups) and new structures (dialgebra, pre-Lie algebra, Rota-Baxter algebra, operads). This is a general and powerful method in algebra.
The book is about (associative, Lie and other) algebras, groups, semigroups presented by generators and defining relations. They play a great role in modern mathematics. It is enough to mention the quantum groups and Hopf algebra theory, the Kac-Moody and Borcherds algebra theory, the braid groups and Hecke algebra theory, the Coxeter groups and semisimple Lie algebra theory, the plactic monoid theory. One of the main problems for such presentations is the problem of normal forms of their elements. Classical examples of such normal forms give the Poincaré-Birkhoff-Witt theorem for universal enveloping algebras and Artin-Markov normal form theorem for braid groups in Burau generators.What is now called Gröbner-Shirshov bases theory is a general approach to the problem. It was created by a Russian mathematician A I Shirshov (1921-1981) for Lie algebras (explicitly) and associative algebras (implicitly) in 1962. A few years later, H Hironaka created a theory of standard bases for topological commutative algebra and B Buchberger initiated this kind of theory for commutative algebras, the Gröbner basis theory. The Shirshov paper was largely unknown outside Russia. The book covers this gap in the modern mathematical literature. Now Gröbner-Shirshov bases method has many applications both for classical algebraic structures (associative, Lie algebra, groups, semigroups) and new structures (dialgebra, pre-Lie algebra, Rota-Baxter algebra, operads). This is a general and powerful method in algebra.
This study of the Russian army and how it has fared in the uncertain transitional period since independence in December 1991 provides the basis for understanding its present and potential future role in the new political developments within Russia. Following an historical overview of Russia′s security agenda and an examination of the Russian/Soviet army′s tradition of involvement in politics, the book then examines Russia′s current security interests and the role of the army in protecting them. Geopolitical perspectives are linked to the security issues of the `Near Abroad′, and to the nuclear dimension of security. Pavel K Baev then considers the question of the feasibility of political control over the Russian army. The problem of the politicization of the army is followed through the interlinked issues of stalled military reform and a drastically reduced military budget. Baev examines the current military role of the army with case studies on conflict management in the Caucasus and the army′s performance in the role of peace-keeper in the Chechen War. Finally, the place of the army in Russia′s peace-keeping activities within a broader European context is examined.
Grain boundaries are important structural components of polycrystalline materials used in the vast majority of technical applications. Because grain boundaries form a continuous network throughout such materials, their properties may limit their practical use. One of the serious phenomena which evoke these limitations is the grain boundary segregation of impurities. It results in the loss of grain boundary cohesion and consequently, in brittle fracture of the materials. The current book deals with fundamentals of grain boundary segregation in metallic materials and its relationship to the grain boundary structure, classification and other materials properties.
This book examines the interplay between energy policy and security policy under Vladimir Putin, and his drive to re-establish Russia’s ‘greatness’. Assessing the internal contradictions of this policy, the book argues that Russia’s desire to strengthen its role of ‘energy security’ provider is undermined by its inability to secure growth in production of oil and gas. Further, the pressing demand to channel more resources into the military-industrial complex clashes with the growing need to invest in the energy complex, and the priority granted to strategic forces deprives the conventional forces of strike power and strategic mobility. In conclusion, the author anticipates how these contradictions could be resolved, and suggests three short scenarios for Russia’s continuing transition in the next decade. This book will be of interest to students of Russian politics, European politics and international security.
This book provides a comprehensive review of drilling technologies in the polar regions, from the portable drilling equipment for shallow sampling and coring, to heavy drilling equipment for deep onshore and offshore drilling. Particular attention is given to safe drilling methods in permafrost. In recent years, interest in drilling in the polar regions has increased under the pressure of the geopolitical “rush” and the undiscovered resource potential. In addition, borehole monitoring of permafrost thermal states is urgently needed to obtain evidence of climate change. The book focuses on the latest drilling technologies but also discusses the historical development of sampling, and drilling tools and devices, over the last 60–70 years providing valuable insights into a way forward and future possibilities.
Free Convective Heat Transfer is a thorough survey of various kinds of free-convective flows and heat transfer. Reference data are accompanied by a large number of photographs originating from different optical visualization methods illustrating the different types of flow. The formulas derived from numerical and analytical investigations are valuable tools for engineering calculations. They are written in their most compact and general form in order to allow for an extensive range of different variants of boundary and initial conditions, which, in turn, leads to a wide applicability to different flow types. Some specific engineering problems are solved in the book as exemplary applications of these formulas.
In 1917, Bolshevik revolutionaries overthrew the tsar of Russia and established a new, communist government, one that viewed the Imperial Russia of old as a righteously vanquished enemy. And yet, as Pavel Khazanov shows, after the collapse of Stalinism, a reconfiguration of Imperial Russia slowly began to emerge, recalling the culture of tsarist Russia not as a disgrace but as a glory, a past to not only remember but to recover, and to deploy against what to many seemed like a discredited socialist project. Khazanov's careful untangling of this discourse in the late Soviet period reveals a process that involved figures of all political stripes, from staunch conservatives to avowed intelligentsia liberals. Further, Khazanov shows that this process occurred not outside of or in opposition to Soviet guidance and censorship, but in mainstream Soviet culture that commanded wide audiences, especially among the Soviet middle class. Excavating the cultural logic of this newly foundational, mythic memory of a "lost Russia," Khazanov reveals why, despite the apparently liberal achievement of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Boris Yeltsin (and later, Vladamir Putin) successfully steered Russia into oligarchy and increasing autocracy. The anti-Soviet memory of the pre-Soviet past, ironically constructed during the late socialist period, became and remains a politically salient narrative, a point of consensus that surprisingly attracts both contemporary regime loyalists and their would-be liberal opposition.
Calcium signalling is an astonishing example how a simple caption can trigger and regulate an enormous variety of cellular and physiological responses. Ca2+-signalling routes very often involve Ca2+-binding proteins that sense changes in intracellular [Ca2+] and trigger cellular responses by regulating specific targets. One fascinating group among these Ca2+-sensors are the neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) proteins, named for their localisation in neuronal tissue (although there are reports of their expression in non-neuronal tissues as well). While recent excellent reviews have covered key aspects of this protein group, the field expanded in recent years making it more and more difficult to represent every facet of this ongoing research endeavour. This book is intended to represent properties of NCS proteins.
Over the past decades, large amounts of data about carabids have been collected in the Netherlands, initially for the purpose of creating distribution maps for the country. In addition to information from collections and faunistic publications, a significant amount of data came from ecological studies using pitfall traps. Because of the rich tradition of carabidological research in the Netherlands, an exceptionally large database of these pitfall data is available. The database is a mix of approximately 1,500 short-term samples and circa 4,400 so-called 'year-samples', for which pitfalls were functional during the whole activity period of ground beetles in spring and autumn. These year-samples came from 2,850 sites, covering the period of 1953-2018, and represent all habitats on the Dutch landscape. These data offer an unusual view of the presence and activity of this common insect family. The data gathered from pitfall trapping is summarised and provides a fresh integrated perspective about the Dutch ground beetle fauna. The characteristic species composition of 17 habitat groups is described in detail. Over 320 species present in the database have been classified into six main groups, according to their patterns of habitat use. Both the classification of habitats and associated species have been tested and used in various analyses in the book. Two chapters give special attention to changes in the Dutch fauna over the past 66 years by means of extensive trend analysis and relate this understanding to nature conservation. The book provides an extension and update for Turin's (2000) atlas. The Dutch carabid fauna is discussed considering relevant literature but uses predominantly European studies to put the faunal patterns in broader context. This book presents the story of Dutch ground beetles and illustrates the contribution of pitfall trapping to our understanding of the ecology of this fascinating and unusually well-studied group of beetles.
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