Natural products have played a pivotal role in antibiotic drug discovery, with most anti-infective drugs being derived from natural products or natural product leads. However, the rapid onset of resistance to most anti-infective drugs considerably diminishes their effectiveness and requires a constant supply of new drugs for the effective treatment of infections. Infectious diseases account for a third of all deaths worldwide. The spread of multidrug-resistant strains of bacteria makes it necessary to identify new classes of antibacterials and compounds that inhibit these resistance mechanisms. Numerous members of the Asteraceae family are important as cut flowers and ornamental crops, as well as being medicinal and aromatic plants, many of which produce essential oils used in folk and modern medicine and in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. Essential oils generally have a broad spectrum of bioactivity, owing to the presence of several active ingredients (e.g., terpenes and phenol-derived aromatic and aliphatic components) that have various modes of action. Extensive studies of the chemical components of Asteraceae species have led to the identification of many substances, including essentials oils, with interesting antibacterial activity. This review summarizes some of the main reports on the chemistry and antibacterial activity of Asteraceae essential oils in the recent literature (2005 to May 2012).
Celebrities live their lives in constant dialogue with stories about them. But when these stories are shaped by durable racist myths, they wield undue power to ruin lives and obliterate communities. Black Legend is the haunting story of an Afro-Argentine, Raúl Grigera ('el negro Raúl'), who in the early 1900s audaciously fashioned himself into an alluring Black icon of Buenos Aires' bohemian nightlife, only to have defamatory storytellers unmake him. In this gripping history, Paulina Alberto exposes the destructive power of racial storytelling and narrates a new history of Black Argentina and Argentine Blackness across two centuries. With the extraordinary Raúl Grigera at its center, Black Legend opens new windows into lived experiences of Blackness in a 'white' nation, and illuminates how Raúl's experience of celebrity was not far removed from more ordinary experiences of racial stories in the flesh.
This book addresses important and under-researched issues such as, the role of young people in democratization processes, the role of new democracies in sharing their transition experience, and the effectiveness of aid. A major theme of the book is democracy assistance efforts by the NGOs from Central and Eastern Europe to support young people in Eastern Europe, the Western Balkans, and Central Asia. It examines this theme in a comparative perspective and with a deeper analysis of reasons and ways to support young people, the need to support them and the effectiveness of these efforts. Bringing together a wide range of material on democracy assistance of Central and Eastern European countries that includes surveying the providers and beneficiaries of aid and looking for better methods of impact evaluation, the book advances a framework for assessing democracy assistance efforts. It concludes with implications of the impact of democracy assistance on young people and democracy diffusion from Central and Eastern European democracies to other countries. This text will be of key interest to scholars and students of democracy, democratization, Central and Eastern Europe, Post-Soviet studies, and European and Comparative Politics, as well as for practitioners (donors, NGOs) who want to know what works best, and why and when in aid provision.
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