Back cover: What did biblical scholars, theologians, orientalists, philologists, and ancient historians of the 19th century consider "religion" and "history" to be? How did they understand these conceptual categories, and why did they study them in the manner they did? Analyzing the figures of Julius Wellhausen and Hermann Gunkel, Paul Michael Kurtz examines the historiography of ancient Israel in the German Empire through the prism of religion, as a structuring framework not only for writings on the past but also for the writers of that past themselves.
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This book discusses the often explosive relation between war and ideas between 1650 and 1900, how the ideas of philosophers and generals have influenced war, and how war in its turn has influenced ideas.
This book examines the coming of the Protestant Reformation from the viewpoint of eight common people, who were sufficiently disturbed by the events of 1521-5 to write treatises, letters, dialogues, and sermons, which they published. Their works are lively testimony to the interest of laypeople in the affairs of the church, and their willingness to discuss often complex theological training. These works are among the first documents of lay theology and piety, but they are also propaganda: disappointed with the Catholic clergy and with secular authorities, the authors of these pamphlets were called to prophesy, preach, and convert their readers/listeners lest Christ return soon to find his church unprepared. They demanded a new apostolate for laypeople, something the clergy had feared for centuries and something which civic authorities feared as a potential source of radical ideas.
The first history of the Congres Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne traces the development and promotion of its influential concept of the "Functional City.
In this book, for the first time, an examination of Egon Schiele’s general painting technique is carried out. The main case study for this comprehensive investigation is the painting “Stadtende/Häuserbogen III,” 1918, one of Egon Schiele’s last works, which is housed at Universalmuseum Joanneum, Graz, Austria. In this book, the conservation campaign is detailed: uncovering portrait sketches integrated and painted over in the painting, unmasking the signature as a forgery, and recognising the frame as the original decorative frame. The research in the years following the conservation is detailed: discussing that, among other pigments, cadmium sulphide was confirmed in the paint material, which will influence subsequent conservation measures for the painting. The book’s examination continues with the complex interactions between environment and object that were also addressed in recently completed EU projects, concluding that continuously gained knowledge about external influences and storage materials used will help to adapt further measures to the painting as it continues to degrade.
This volume deals with efforts by the German episcopacy to implement the reform decrees issued by Pope Innocent III at the Fourth Lateran Council in November 1215 within the six ecclesiastical provinces of Bremen, Cologne, Magdeburg, Mains, Salzburg and Trier over three decades: its primary focus is upon the use of provincial and diocesan synods, episcopal visitations, and general chapters for the regular clergy to the end that “...evils may be uprooted, virtues implanted, mistakes corrected, morals reformed, heresies extirpated, the faith strengthened,...and salutary decrees enacted for the higher and lower clergy.” It examines the methods and the personalities involved, the relationships between the ecclesiastical leadership of Germany and the Roman Curia, and it assesses the impact of these efforts at a most opportune and critical point in the history of the medieval Church.
During the First World War, delousing became routine for soldiers and civilians following the recent discovery that the louse carried typhus germs. But how did typhus come to be viewed as a "Jewish disease" and what was the connection between the anti-typhus measures during the First World War and the Nazi gas chambers in the Second World War? In this powerful book, Professor Weindling draws upon wide-ranging archival research throughout East and Central Europe to the United States, to provide valuable new insight into the history of German medicine from its response to the perceived threat of typhus epidemics from its Eastern borders. He examines how German experts in tropical medicine took an increasingly racialised approach to bacteriology, regarding supposedly racially inferior peoples as carriers of the disease.So they came to view typhus as a "Jewish" disease. By the Second World War as migrants and deportees had become conditioned to expect the ordeal of delousing at border crossings, ports, railway junctions and on entry to camps, so sanitary policing became entwined with racialisation as the Germans sought to eradicate typhus by eradicating the perceived carriers. Typhus had come to assume a new and terrifying genocidal significance, as the medical authorities sealed the German frontiers against diseased undesirables from the east, and gassing became a favoured means of disease eradication.
Paul Hofmann, a native Viennese, brings this enchanted land of contradictions to life, covering two thousand years of Viennese personalities, politics and culture. 46 black-and-white photos.
Der Bibliothekar und Theaterhistoriker Paul S. Ulrich dokumentiert und erschließt seit über 40 Jahren Theateralmanache und -journale, eine wesentliche Quelle für die Theatergeschichtsschreibung. Sie enthalten vielfältige Informationen zu Personal, Spielplänen und dem Theaterbetrieb und sind damit wertvolle Quellen für theaterhistorische und personenbezogene Forschungen. Die vorliegende Bibliographien verzeichnen diesen Quellentypus für den Zeitraum von 1752 bis 1918 nach aktuellem Stand. Unterschieden werden dabei zwei Veröffentlichungsformen: Almanache und Journale. "Lokale Theater-Journale" geben eine Rückschau auf die vergangene Saison einer Spielstätte. Diese Journale sind häufig die einzige Quelle zum künstlerischen wie technischen Personal eines Theaters. In der Regel von Souffleuren und Souffleusen einer Bühne auf eigene Kosten hergestellt und als Zusatzverdienst verkauft, waren sie für das lokale Publikum gedacht und enthalten oft auch Gedichte, Anekdoten oder Couplets. "Universale Theater-Almanache" bieten Informationen über mehrere Theater. Sie verzeichnen internationale deutschsprachige Theatergesellschaften samt Personal in über 3.600 Orten. Die Angaben wurden im Herbst von der jeweiligen Direktion an eine Redaktion berichtet, die Almanache und Jahrbücher wurden überregional vertrieben und meist über einen längeren Zeitraum herausgegeben. Aufgrund der weltweiten Verbreitung des deutschsprachigen Theaters wenden sich die Bände der Reihe an ein internationales Publikum. Titeleien und einleitende Texte sind deshalb auf Deutsch und Englisch verfasst.
Philosopher, physicist, and anarchist Paul Feyerabend was one of the most unconventional scholars of his time. His book Against Method has become a modern classic. Yet it is not well known that Feyerabend spent many years working on a philosophy of nature that was intended to comprise three volumes covering the period from the earliest traces of stone age cave paintings to the atomic physics of the 20th century – a project that, as he conveyed in a letter to Imre Lakatos, almost drove him nuts: “Damn the ,Naturphilosophie.” The book’s manuscript was long believed to have been lost. Recently, however, a typescript constituting the first volume of the project was unexpectedly discovered at the University of Konstanz. In this volume Feyerabend explores the significance of myths for the early period of natural philosophy, as well as the transition from Homer’s “aggregate universe” to Parmenides’ uniform ontology. He focuses on the rise of rationalism in Greek antiquity, which he considers a disastrous development, and the associated separation of man from nature. Thus Feyerabend explores the prehistory of science in his familiar polemical and extraordinarily learned manner. The volume contains numerous pictures and drawings by Feyerabend himself. It also contains hitherto unpublished biographical material that will help to round up our overall image of one of the most influential radical philosophers of the twentieth century.
An illuminating account of the design inspirations and technical transformations that have shaped the digital typefaces of the 21st century In this fascinating tour through typographic history, Paul Shaw provides a visually rich exploration of digital type revival. Many typefaces from the pre-digital past have been reinvented for use on computers and mobile devices, while other new font designs are revivals of letterforms, drawn from inscriptions, calligraphic manuals, posters, and book jackets. Revival Type deftly introduces these fonts, many of which are widely used, and engagingly tells their stories. Examples include translations of letterforms not previously used as type, direct revivals of metal and wood typefaces, and looser interpretations of older fonts. Among these are variations on classic designs by John Baskerville, Giambattista Bodoni, William Caslon, Firmin Didot, Claude Garamont, Robert Granjon, and Nicolas Jenson, as well as typefaces inspired by less familiar designers, including Richard Austin, Philippe Grandjean, and Eudald Pradell. Updates and revisions of 20th-century classics such as Palatino, Meridien, DIN, Metro, and Neue Haas Grotesk (Helvetica) are also discussed. Handsomely illustrated with annotated examples, archival material depicting classic designs, and full character sets of modern typefaces, Revival Type is an essential introduction for designers and design enthusiasts into the process of reinterpreting historical type.
After World War II, Ernst Ludwig Ehrlich (1921–2007) published works in English and German by eminent Israeli scholars, in this way introducing them to a wider audience in Europe and North America. The series he founded for that purpose, Studia Judaica, continues to offer a platform for scholarly studies and editions that cover all eras in the history of the Jewish religion.
This exploration in creative theology aims to discover what will happen to Christian doctrine if the category of story is substituted for all the philosophical metaphors and scientific models that have been previously used to give intellectual shape to the gospel . As a systematic theologian, Robert Paul Roth constructs an ontology of story and applies it to the doctrines of the church.
While the coerced human experiments are notorious among all the atrocities under National Socialism, they have been marginalised by mainstream historians. This book seeks to remedy the marginalisation, and to place the experiments in the context of the broad history of National Socialism and the Holocaust. Paul Weindling bases this study on the reconstruction of a victim group through individual victims' life histories, and by weaving the victims' experiences collectively together in terms of different groupings, especially gender, ethnicity and religion, age, and nationality. The timing of the experiments, where they occurred, how many victims there were, and who they were, is analysed, as are hitherto under-researched aspects such as Nazi anatomy and executions. The experiments are also linked, more broadly, to major elements in the dynamic and fluid Nazi power structure and the implementation of racial policies. The approach is informed by social history from below, exploring both the rationales and motives of perpetrators, but assessing these critically in the light of victim narratives.
Traces the development of racial hygiene theory and eugenics research in Germany from the end of the 19th century through the Third Reich. Discusses particularly the work of Alfred Ploetz, a leading propagator of racial hygiene, and his anti-Jewish views. It was argued that German medical science had fallen prey to the "Jewish spirit" and was thus in need of reform. Argues that the biological, medical, and anthropological variants of racism were not only concerned with antisemitism but also influenced Nazi health and social policy. Eugenicists of Jewish origin became victims of the system they had helped to construct. Analyzes how racial hygiene theories were incorporated into Hitler's racial antisemitism and became the basis for the Nazi sterilization and euthanasia programs which, in turn, became the basis for the mass murder of the Jews.
This revised and updated edition of Rudolf Geiger's classic text provides a clear and vivid description of the surface microclimate, its physical basis, and its interactions with the biosphere. The book explains the principles of microclimatology and illustrates how they apply to a wide array of subfields. Those new to the field will find it especially valuable as a guide to understanding and quantifying the vast and ever-increasing literature on the subject. Designed as an introductory text for students in environmental science, this book will also be an essential reference for scientists seeking a clear understanding of the nature and physical basis of the climate near the ground, and its interactions with the biosphere.
Paul T. Sloan presents a detailed interpretation of Mark's Olivet Discourse in light of the Gospel's many allusions to the book of Zechariah, and argues that previous studies have rightly demonstrated the influence of Zechariah 9–14 on the Passion Narratives. Sloan shows that this influence is not merely confined to Mark's description of Jesus' final week, but also permeates much of his narrative; informing the Gospel's presentation of Jesus' royal identity, his action in the temple, the role of suffering in the bringing of God's kingdom, and the arrangement and interpretation of the Olivet Discourse. Sloan begins with an extensive review of scholarship on the presence of Zechariah in Mark before analyzing the reception of relevant texts from Zechariah in Second Temple literature. He proceeds to a fresh examination of potential allusions to Zechariah throughout Mark, focusing especially on Mark's use of Zechariah 13:7 and 14:5. In addition to influencing significant themes in Mark's Gospel, Sloan argues that Zechariah provides a helpful framework by which to interpret Mark 13, offering a potential solution to a notorious crux interpretum, namely, why Jesus answers a question about the temple with reference to the coming of the son of man.
Der vorliegende Doppelband VI der Reihe Topographie und Repertoire des Theaters bietet ein Verzeichnis der Abbildungen von Personen, Rollenportraits, Szenenbildern, Theatergebäuden und Sitzplänen in den universalen Theater-Almanachen und lokalen Theater-Journalen, die in den Bibliographien der Journale (Band I) und der Almanache (Band IV) verzeichnet sind. In Almanachen gab es bereits am Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts gelegentlich Abbildungen – Holzschnitte und Kupferstiche unterschiedlichsten Inhalts. Sie blieben weitgehend auf die Almanache beschränkt, da die Kosten für diese Abbildungen hoch waren und sich eine Produktion nur bei einer höheren Auflage rentierte. In den Journalen sind sie bis zur allgemeinen Verbreitung der Fotografie und der Entwicklung entsprechender Reproduktionsverfahren gegen Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts nur vereinzelt zu finden. Neben der Etablierung dieser technischen Innovationen vollzog sich zu dieser Zeit eine entscheidende Wende bei der Herausgabe dieser Drucke: Ursprünglich hatten – meist – Souffleure und Souffleusen die Finanzierung der Journale allein getragen, doch dann wurde die Möglichkeit genutzt, dass ortsansässige Geschäftsleute Werbung in den Journalen veröffentlichten. Dadurch änderte sich nicht nur deren Inhalt, sondern es wurde auch notwendig, die Drucke ansprechender zu gestalten: mit Abbildungen wurde die Attraktivität der Journale erhöht. Die im vorliegenden Doppelband erschlossenen Abbildungen von Mitgliedern einer Gesellschaft vermitteln wichtige Einblicke in den Umgang mit dem Medium Bild resp. Portrait im Rahmen des Marketings. Einerseits fehlen viele bis heute berühmte Personen, andererseits sind sehr viele inzwischen längst vergessene Personen durch Abbildungen dokumentiert. Generell gibt es nicht sonderlich viele Abbildungen pro Person. Bei einer genaueren Betrachtung, an welchem Theater die Darsteller und Darstellerinnen engagiert waren, erkennt man, wie mobil die am Theater Beschäftigten waren. In anderen Fällen, z. B. bei Direktoren oder Direktorinnen, werden auch längere Tätigkeiten an einem Theater durch Abbildungen dokumentiert. Einen Sonderfall stellen die Veröffentlichungen der Bayreuther Festspiele dar. Diese wurden vor der Saison zusammengestellt und dem wohlhabenden Publikum als Souvenir verkauft. Sowohl Umfang als auch Auflagenzahl dieser Publikationen war deutlich größer als diejenigen von durchschnittlichen Theater-Journalen. Daraus erklärt sich die große Zahl der darin abgedruckten Abbildungen.
Butrint 6 describes the excavations carried out on the Vrina Plain by the Butrint Foundation from 20022007. Lying just to the south of the ancient port city of Butrint, these excavations have revealed a 1,300 year long story of a changing community that began in the 1st century AD, one which not only played its part in shaping the city of Butrint but also in how the city interacted and at times reacted to the changing political, economic and cultural situations occurring across the Mediterranean World over this period. Volume III discusses the Roman and Late Antique pottery from the Vrina Plain excavations. This detailed study of the ceramics follows the archaeological sequence recovered from the excavations in chronological order and provides a comprehensive and in depth review of the pottery, context by context, offering an important insight into the supply, as well as typology, of local and imported pottery available to the inhabitants of the Vrina Plain during this period. This is followed by a discussion on how the pottery trends found on the Vrina Plain relate to that of other sites in Butrint, both within the town (Triconch Palace; the Forum) and outside (Vrina Plain training school villa excavations; the villa of Diaporit). The volume also presents an overview of some of the principal typological developments found across Butrint so as to allow the reader to place the Vrina finds in context, including a discussion of a number of key contexts from the Forum, as well as the findings from thin-section petrology of some of the ceramics.
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