This book brings together the most up-to-date information on the fabrication techniques, properties, and potential applications of low dimensional silicon carbide (SiC) nanostructures such as nanocrystallites, nanowires, nanotubes, and nanostructured films. It also summarizes the tremendous achievements acquired during the past three decades involving structural, electronic, and optical properties of bulk silicon carbide crystals. SiC nanostructures exhibit a range of fascinating and industrially important properties, such as diverse polytypes, stability of interband and defect-related green to blue luminescence, inertness to chemical surroundings, and good biocompatibility. These properties have generated an increasing interest in the materials, which have great potential in a variety of applications across the fields of nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, electron field emission, sensing, quantum information, energy conversion and storage, biomedical engineering, and medicine. SiC is also a most promising substitute for silicon in high power, high temperature, and high frequency microelectronic devices. Recent breakthrough pertaining to the synthesis of ultra-high quality SiC single-crystals will bring the materials closer to real applications. Silicon Carbide Nanostructures: Fabrication, Structure, and Properties provides a unique reference book for researchers and graduate students in this emerging field. It is intended for materials scientists, physicists, chemists, and engineers in microelectronics, optoelectronics, and biomedical engineering.
Forty lessons designed to introduce beginning students to the basic patterns and structures of Classical Chinese are taken from a number of pre-Han and Han texts selected to give students a grounding in exemplary Classical Chinese style. Two additional lessons use texts from later periods to help students appreciate the changes in written Chinese over the centuries.Each lesson consists of a text, a vocabulary list featuring discussions of meaning and usage, explanations of grammar, and explications of difficult passages. The standard modern Chinese, Japanese, and Korean pronunciations are indicated for each character, making this a learning tool for native speakers of those languages as well.Appendices give suggestions for further readings, review common and significant words, explain the radical system, and provide Japanese kanbun readings for all the selections. Glossaries of all vocabulary items and pronunciation indexes for modern Chinese and Korean are also included.
The biomaterials surface, which may only be a few atomic layers thick, constitutes the important interface between the biomaterials and the external biological environment and plays a key role in the chemical and biological actions in vitro and in vivo. Hence, in order to monitor and fathom the biological performance of biomaterials, the surface properties must be well known. Recently, surface modification of biomaterials has attracted considerable attention as selective surface properties such as cytocompatibility can be altered while desirable bulk properties such as mechanical strength can be retained. In this respect, surface characterization techniques are indispensable in this important and burgeoning research area. No single technique can provide all the information, and quite often, different analytical tools are required to address a problem related to biomaterials research. To obtain surface chemical and morphological information, spectroscopic techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), and microscopic methods such as confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) are typically carried out. Other surface characterization methods such as contact angle (CA) measurement and ellipsometry are also widely used in biomaterials research. It should be emphasized that each technique has its strengths and weaknesses, and complete characterization frequently requires more than one method. In this chapter, we introduce and describe some of the common surface characterization techniques suitable for biomaterials. Initial discussion starts with spectroscopic techniques, their operation principles, and data analysis with specific examples. The discussions related to spectroscopic characterization are focused on XPS, AES, SIMS, surface matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (Surface-MALDI-MS), infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy and ultraviolet spectroscopy. After spectroscopic characterization techniques, this chapter focuses on microscopic characterization. This part of the chapter is specifically focused on optical, electron and confocal microscopic techniques. Microscopic technique also discusses recent advances in atomic level characterization using scanning tunnelling microscopy and AFM. Finally, the chapter deals with specific surface characterization techniques for morphology with profilometry followed by surface charge measurement using CAs. The last section of the chapter deals with ellipsometry, a specular optical technique which provides unequalled capabilities for thin film metrology. Throughout this chapter, specific discussions are focused on examples based on applications as well as advantages, disadvantages, and challenges.
The ethics of Chinese physicians were formulated during the Confucian era and advocated the interests of the general public. Medical resources in China were distributed to shamans (up to this century), Buddhist monks, Taoist hermits, Confucian scholars, itinerant and established physicians, laymen, midwives, and many others. Conflict over distribution of those resources affected everyone. Independently practicing physicians acquired more and more control. Ethical debates were used to centralize resources among physicians. Prognosis has become increasingly significant as a means of protection and reputation. A formulated ethics from the elite group of physicians must not only subject itself to the values dominating society but create values in the advanced medical regions; e.g., allocation of resources to preserve life.
The Ben cao gang mu, compiled in the second half of the sixteenth century by a team led by the physician Li Shizhen (1518–1593) on the basis of previously published books and contemporary knowledge, is the largest encyclopedia of natural history in a long tradition of Chinese materia medica works. Its description of almost 1,900 pharmaceutically used natural and man-made substances marks the apex of the development of premodern Chinese pharmaceutical knowledge. The Ben cao gang mu dictionary offers access to this impressive work of 1,600,000 characters. This third book in a three-volume series offers detailed biographical data on all identifiable authors, patients, witnesses of therapies, transmitters of recipes, and further persons mentioned in the Ben cao gang mu and provides bibliographical data on all textual sources resorted to and quoted by Li Shizhen and his collaborators.
This book examines some of the charge carrier transport issues encountered in the field of modern semiconductor devices and novel materials. Theoretical approaches to the understanding and modeling of the relevant physical phenomena, seen in devices that have very small spatial dimensions and that operate under high electric field strength, are described in papers written by leading experts and pioneers in this field. In addition, the book examines the transport physics encountered in novel materials such as wide band gap semiconductors (GaN, SiC, etc.) as well as organic semiconductors. Topics in High Field Transport in Semiconductors provides a comprehensive overview that will be beneficial to newcomers as well as engineers and researchers engaged in this exciting field. Contents: Foreword (K F Brennan & P P Ruden); Quantum Transport in Semiconductor Devices (D K Ferry et al.); Quantum Transport and Its Simulation with the Wigner-Function Approach (C Jacoboni et al.); Bloch Dynamics in Spatially Local Inhomogeneous Electric Fields (J P Reynolds et al.); Collision Broadening Through Sequences of Scattering Events: Theory, Consequences and Modeling Within Semiclassical Monte Carlo (L F Register & B Fisher); Transport in a Polarization-Induced 2D Electron Gas (B K Ridley & N A Zakhleniuk); Impact Ionization and High Field Effects in Wide Band Gap Semiconductors (M Reigrotzki et al.); Simulation of Carrier Transport in Wide Band Gap Semiconductors (E Bellotti et al.); Electrical Transport in Organic Semiconductors (I H Campbell & D L Smith). Readership: Researchers and graduate students in the field of semiconductors.
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