Seven hundred years after the dissolution of the order, the trial of the Templars still arouses enormous controversy and speculation. In October 1307, all the brothers of the military-religious order of the Temple in France were arrested on the instructions of King Philip IV and charged with heresy and other crimes. In 1312, Pope Clement V, at the Council of Vienne, dissolved the order. Since the 1970s, there has been increasing scholarly interest in the trial, and a series of books and articles have widened scholars' understanding of causes of this notorious affair, its course and its aftermath. However, many gaps in knowledge and understanding remain. What were the Templars doing in the months and years before the trial? Why did the king of France attack the Order? What evidence is there for the Templars' guilt? What became of the Templars and their property after the end of the Order? This book collects together the research of both junior and senior scholars from around the world in order to establish the current state of scholarship and identify areas for new research. Individual chapters examine various aspects of the background to the trial, the financial, political and religious context of the trial in France, the value of the Templars' testimonies, and consider the trial across the whole of Europe, from Poland and Cyprus to Ireland and Portugal. Rather than trying to close the discussion on the trial of the Templars, this book opens a new chapter in the ongoing scholarly debate.
Landfill Technology covers the selection, design, operation, and final reinstatement of landfill sites. This book is composed of seven chapters that also discuss the theory and practice of landfill technology. After briefly dealing with the composition of municipal and industrial wastes, this book goes on examining the hydrological aspect and site selection planning of a landfill site, including the economic and environmental impact assessments. These topics are followed by a chapter focusing on the several components of site preparation works, such as plant and machinery, methods of landfill operation, and waste disposal. Another chapter describes the involved microbiological processes, biodegradation, gas migration, and leachate production in landfill. Other chapters are devoted to the control and treatment of leachate pollution. These treatment options include aerobic and anaerobic, biological nitrification, ammonia desorption, and leachate recycling. The concluding chapter considers a wide range of afteruse and engineering problems occurring in landfill rehabilitation.
It is now becoming recognized in the measurement community that it is as important to communicate the uncertainty related to a specific measurement as it is to report the measurement itself. Without knowing the uncertainty, it is impossible for the users of the result to know what confidence can be placed in it; it is also impossible to assess the comparability of different measurements of the same parameter. This volume collects 20 outstanding papers on the topic, mostly published from 1999-2002 in the journal "Accreditation and Quality Assurance." They provide the rationale for why it is important to evaluate and report the uncertainty of a result in a consistent manner. They also describe the concept of uncertainty, the methodology for evaluating uncertainty, and the advantages of using suitable reference materials. Finally, the benefits to both the analytical laboratory and the user of the results are considered.
In plain language and with ample illustration, Paul D. Wegner presents an overview of the history and methods, aims and results of textual criticism of the whole Bible--the Hebrew Old Testament and the Greek New Testament. You will gain an appreciation for the vast work that has been accomplished in preserving the text of Scripture and find a renewed confidence in its reliability.
More than 300 Bible or New Testament translations, including the popular King James Version, have been produced in English in the past 600 years. These various translations, both obscure and well-known, were undertaken by diligent individuals working either alone or in committees known to number more than 100. This reference work provides information about the men and women who produced English language translations. Arranged alphabetically by surname, each of the 346 entries includes biographical and vocational information; notes on the various editions produced; samples of their translation; and other pertinent facts. In cases where translations were done by committee, the chairpersons and project initiators are covered. Important anonymous translations are also included.
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