From the beginning of humankind’s use of space, human-made objects have re-entered the Earth’s atmosphere and experienced the severe aerodynamic heating and loads characteristic of high-speed atmospheric re-entry. Some of these reentries have generated fragments that survived to impact the Earth’s surface and be hazardous to people and damaging to property. This chapter addresses the safety of both broad types of space hardware re-entries: either controlled so impact is targeted in a specific area, or uncontrolled, where re-entry can occur anywhere within the latitude band defined by the orbital inclination of the reentering object. The overall objective of this chapter is to help prepare safety engineers to answer the ultimate questions involved in the design of safety re-entry operations.
The safety of any space system requires a deliberate and interdisciplinary integration of the flight hardware design with the design of its operations throughout the entire lifecycle of the system. This chapter introduces the subsequent chapters that more thoroughly address safety issues associated with the operations of space vehicles, from the design of the infrastructure on ground, through launch, on-orbit, and re-entry operations. This chapter begins with a discussion of safety and risk management at the conceptual level, including several fundamental goals and definitions. The balance of the chapter describes several seminal events and lays the foundation for a graduate level education in space operations safety.
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