Ce lundi-là, je me suis assise confortablement à ma place dans l’avion en partance pour Athènes, j’ai bouclé ma ceinture de sécurité et j’ai posé ce satané document sur mes genoux. J’y avais inséré une fiche cartonnée qui me servait de marque-page, sur laquelle j’avais pris de nombreuses notes. Au dos, j’y avais griffonné toutes les questions auxquelles je devais trouver des réponses. Celles qui me troublaient le plus étaient les suivantes : 1. Cette histoire est-elle vraie, ou n’est-ce simplement qu’un roman dont l’auteur, qui aurait connu ma mère, lui aurait donné un rôle ? 2. Si l’auteur est bien mon père, et s’il est mort dans l’accident qu’il décrit, comment a-t-il pu écrire sa mort ? D’ailleurs, le roman est inachevé, pourquoi ? Se serait-il … ? 3. Et puis s’il a effectivement écrit ce passage, c’est qu’il n’est peut-être pas mort ? Ou bien, ce n’est peut-être pas lui qui l’a écrit ? 4. Et, s’il n’est pas mort, alors pourquoi Maman m’a-t-elle toujours certifié qu’il était décédé dans un accident juste après ma naissance ? Je ne sais combien de fois j’ai lu ce dossier depuis que je l’ai découvert, mais une chose était sûre maintenant, je commençais à le connaître par cœur. En tout cas, je m’apprêtais durant le vol, à le relire une fois encore et probablement noter quelques détails de plus qui pourraient m’aider à découvrir la vérité. L’hôtesse servit des rafraîchissements et j’ai ouvert Taras à la première page…
La folie des hommes et leur soif de pouvoir vont-elles ouvrir le dernier chapitre de l’humanité ? Vingt ans seulement avaient suffi pour faire basculer l’histoire de l’homme autonome et libre, telle qu’on pouvait encore la percevoir jusqu’en 2020, avant qu’une autorité mondiale impose son dictat sur la quasi-totalité du globe : le fameux Nouvel Ordre Mondial, qu’une oligarchie avait patiemment conçu et établi. Seules la Russie et la Chine résistaient encore aux assauts hégémoniques de cette dictature autoproclamée. Les pollutions de l’eau et de l’air, l’exploitation massive et la destruction des ressources et des écosystèmes avaient malheureusement très largement appauvri les terres arables de la planête. Cette dévastation de la biodiversité était devenue l’une des plus graves atteintes à la survie sur terre, le réchauffement climatique n’ayant de plus cessé de croître. Par ses agissements, Homo Sapiens risquait rapidement d’être en voie d’extinction. Les experts les moins pessimistes estimaient cette probabilité aux alentours de 2080. Facteur encore plus inquiétant, une pandémie de cancers sévissait sur toute la planête dont le plus invasif concernait la fertilité. Depuis le début des années 2035, l’espèce humaine déclinait déjà de façon exponentielle. Paradoxalement, l’espèce humaine n’étant plus en mesure de dégrader davantage son environnement, la nature reprenait doucement ses droits et de nouveaux espaces vierges apparaissaient. Très opportuniste, Homo-Futura s’y était rapidement installé. Était-ce l’avènement sur terre d’une nouvelle race d’êtres hyper-intelligents mettant à l’épreuve leur insoupçonnable résistance avant le grand départ, car ils avaient avant tout été conçus pour conquérir l’univers.
A Guide to State Succession in International Investment Law provides a comprehensive analysis of State succession issues arising in the context of international investment law. The author examines whether a successor State is bound by the investment treaties and State contracts which the predecessor State had signed with other States and foreign investors before the date of succession. Actors who are called upon to apply rules of State succession in investment arbitration cases will find this book a valuable source of practical guidance with strong theoretical foundations.
The main underlining conviction, throughout the book, is the importance of dynamical and systemic approaches to innovation policies. The first part of the book provides the theoretical background for the subsequent more empirical contributions. In the second part, a series of three papers analyse each the development or diffusion of a specific technology developed in the frame of a procurement policy. They explain the success of mission-oriented policies (the development of digital switching systems in the telecom sector, the development of high-speed trains in Germany and the diffusion of military technologies). The three papers contained in the third part explore the impact of incentive tools (R&D tax credits, R&D cooperative agreements and university-industry relations) on the innovation potentialities of firms and of economic systems (regions). The chapters in the last part of the book are all based around the question of how is it possible to design an innovation policy, applicable throughout Europe, bearing in mind the diversity of innovation behaviours and strategies.
The study describes the origins of the Southwest Mongolia vicariate beyond the Great Wall and along the Yellow River Bend during the transition period from Lazarist missionary activities in the 1840s to the Scheutists in the early 1870
The fair and equitable treatment (‘FET’) standard is a type of protection found in BITs which has become in the last decades one of the most controversial provisions examined by arbitral tribunals. This book first examines the interaction between the ‘minimum standard of treatment’ (MST) and the FET standard and the question why States started referring to the former in their BITs. It also addresses the question whether the FET should be considered as an autonomous standard of protection under BITs. This book also examines the controversial proposition that the FET standard should now be considered as a rule of customary international law. I will show that while the practice of States to include FET clauses in their BITs can be considered as general, widespread and representative, it remains that it is not uniform and consistent enough for the standard to have crystallised into a customary rule. States also lack the necessary opinio juris when including the clause in their BITs.
Das internationale Investitionsschutzrecht steht seit Jahren in der Kritik: Genießen Investoren internationale Rechte ohne korrespondierende Verantwortlichkeit? Dieses Buch stellt diese Sicht infrage. Vielmehr lassen sich der Vertrags- und Schiedspraxis bereits heute Investorenpflichten entnehmen, die das Buch normtheoretisch als direkte und indirekte Pflichten erschließt. Diese verpflichten Investoren etwa auf Menschenrechte und Umweltschutz. Sie sind potentiell geeignet, das Rechtsgebiet verstärkt auf das Ziel nachhaltiger Entwicklung auszurichten und Investorenverhalten international zu regulieren. Das Buch stellt diese Entwicklung in den allgemeineren Kontext der seit 1945 stattfindenden Individualisierung des Völkerrechts.
Although the vast majority of investment treaties include a fair and equitable treatment (FET) clause, a considerable degree of variation in the actual content of the clause remains. In this important book by a well-known authority in international investment law analyses how tribunals have concretely interpreted FET clauses in relation to the minimum standard of treatment (MST), with detailed reference to all publicly available awards dealing with the provision rendered by arbitral tribunals in the past 25 years. This first comprehensive survey of case law since the 2012 UNCTAD Report highlights the following important trends: tribunals have interpreted the status of a FET clause and its relationship with the MST differently depending on the specific wording of each provision; how a tribunal analyses the status of a clause has a direct impact on the interpretation (broad or narrow) it gives to the content of the standard, including whether or not it includes protecting investors’ legitimate expectations; the way a tribunal analyses this issue has, in turn, a direct impact on how it addresses matters of liability and compensation; and the success rate of claims filed under ‘stand-alone’ FET clauses (containing no mention of ‘international law’ or any other standard) and those referring to ‘international law’ is much higher compared to clauses expressly linked to the MST. This book is the first to provide solid empirical evidence showing that the scope of the FET protection under a treaty very much depends on the type of clause being applied by a tribunal. The author’s thorough analysis will provide arbitrators and counsel with useful guidelines to assess how the clause has been interpreted by tribunals. It will also offer States and other stakeholders an in-depth analysis of some of the pitfalls and benefits that are associated with each different type of FET clause.
A comprehensive introduction to contract theory, emphasizing common themes and methodologies as well as applications in key areas. Despite the vast research literature on topics relating to contract theory, only a few of the field's core ideas are covered in microeconomics textbooks. This long-awaited book fills the need for a comprehensive textbook on contract theory suitable for use at the graduate and advanced undergraduate levels. It covers the areas of agency theory, information economics, and organization theory, highlighting common themes and methodologies and presenting the main ideas in an accessible way. It also presents many applications in all areas of economics, especially labor economics, industrial organization, and corporate finance. The book emphasizes applications rather than general theorems while providing self-contained, intuitive treatment of the simple models analyzed. In this way, it can also serve as a reference for researchers interested in building contract-theoretic models in applied contexts.The book covers all the major topics in contract theory taught in most graduate courses. It begins by discussing such basic ideas in incentive and information theory as screening, signaling, and moral hazard. Subsequent sections treat multilateral contracting with private information or hidden actions, covering auction theory, bilateral trade under private information, and the theory of the internal organization of firms; long-term contracts with private information or hidden actions; and incomplete contracts, the theory of ownership and control, and contracting with externalities. Each chapter ends with a guide to the relevant literature. Exercises appear in a separate chapter at the end of the book.
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