Where did modern banking come from—and how does this history help us understand financial crises? In the twelfth century, Pisa was a thriving metropolis, a powerhouse of global trade, and a city that stood at the center of medieval Europe. But Pisa had a problem: Money came in the form of coins, and they were becoming scarce. In the face of this financial and monetary crisis, the foundations of modern banking were laid. In Money and Promises, the distinguished banker, executive, and historian Paolo Zannoni examines the complex relationship between states and banks that has changed the world. Drawing on in-depth archival research, he explores seven case studies: the republic of Pisa, seventeenth-century Venice, the early years of the Bank of England, imperial Spain, the Kingdom of Naples, the nascent United States during the American Revolution, and Bolshevik Russia in 1917 through 1923. Zannoni also tells the story of how the Continental Congress established the first public bank in North America, exploring the roles of Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and Alexander Hamilton. Spanning many countries, political systems, and historical eras, this book shows that at the heart of these institutions is an intricate exchange of debts and promises that shaped the modern world as we know it.
Where did modern banking come from—and how does this history help us understand financial crises? In the twelfth century, Pisa was a thriving metropolis, a powerhouse of global trade, and a city that stood at the center of medieval Europe. But Pisa had a problem: Money came in the form of coins, and they were becoming scarce. In the face of this financial and monetary crisis, the foundations of modern banking were laid. In Money and Promises, the distinguished banker, executive, and historian Paolo Zannoni examines the complex relationship between states and banks that has changed the world. Drawing on in-depth archival research, he explores seven case studies: the republic of Pisa, seventeenth-century Venice, the early years of the Bank of England, imperial Spain, the Kingdom of Naples, the nascent United States during the American Revolution, and Bolshevik Russia in 1917 through 1923. Zannoni also tells the story of how the Continental Congress established the first public bank in North America, exploring the roles of Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and Alexander Hamilton. Spanning many countries, political systems, and historical eras, this book shows that at the heart of these institutions is an intricate exchange of debts and promises that shaped the modern world as we know it.
The Armistice of 8 September 1943 caught the Italian armored units, both Tank units and Cavalry, scattered not only on the national territory, but also abroad. Similar to what had happened to all the Armed Forces, not even they were immune to the storm that had been unleashed and even from these units the reactions to Badoglio’s tragic announcement were the most disparate. Through an accurate analysis, in the pages of this book we will analyze how the armored units behaved in those tragic moments, in a synthesis that until now has never been proposed. The units that opposed the attacks brought by the Germans, although in need of armaments, fought for reasons of desperation, in a war that was now lost, and for a touch of military pride. For this reason it is necessary to retrace the events of those days, in order to pay homage to the fallen and to all those who did their duty to the end. The second volume recounts the events that took place in Rome, after the cessation of hostilities, the heroic episodes of Resistance which occurred in Piombino, Parma, Piacenza and Sardinia, without forgetting what happened to the armored units outside the national borders. The text concludes with the discussion of the (failed) attempts to reconstitute armored units with the co-belligerant Royal Army and the contribution made by the Tankers to the liberation struggle.
Gamma-Ray Spectrometry of Rocks: Methods in Geochemistry and Geophysics provides information pertinent to the fundamental aspects of the gamma-ray spectrometry of rocks. This book discusses the increasing interest in using gamma spectrometry in the search for uranium ore. Organized into seven chapters, this book begins with an overview of the approximate frequency and wave length of electromagnetic radiations. This text then examines the quantitative detection of X and gamma photons, which is based upon their interactions with matter. Other chapters consider the inorganic scintillation crystals as the most favorable detectors due to its requirement of a high intrinsic efficiency. This book discusses as well the shape of the spectrum of a monoenergetic gamma-ray beam, which is dependent on the photon energy. The final chapter deals with the determination of the abundances of natural radioisotopes and their stable end products in a rock or mineral. This book is a valuable resource for radiological health physicists, chemists, geochemists, and exploration geologists.
The first complete and detailed catalogue of Lavoisier’s collection of instruments preserved at the Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris. The story of the collection is carefully reconstructed and its instruments (all illustrated) are described in detail.
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