Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer deaths. Although early diagnosis, outcome prediction and treatment options are the ultimate objectives when assessing breast cancer patients, the methodology behind this clinical assessment varies and has gradually evolved from using standard clinical criteria into incorporating high-throughput genome-wide analysis. Early methods involved evaluating tumor size and spread as well as histological assessment (tumor grade). Later, the expression of hormone/growth receptors (ER, PR, and HER2) was added to the standard stratification of breast cancer patients. More recently, molecular approaches, which are based on the expression of a well-defined set of genes, have subdivided patients into five clinically relevant subtypes which not only predict prognosis and dictate treatment choice but also complement standard assessment. The advent of genome-wide analysis has produced the most robust classification system of breast cancers by coupling specific genetic aberrations (single nucleotide mutations and gene copy number variations) with gene expression profiles. Although these genome-wide approaches offer a promising future for breast cancer prognosis and treatment options, they are still not clinically feasible for standard population-based screening. Nonetheless, these approaches are becoming faster and more reliable in understanding the molecular architecture of breast cancer and are slowly paving the way towards personalized treatments which are tailored to individual patients. In the light of a rapidly evolving field of breast cancer genomics, this chapter highlights key standard and upcoming approaches for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment and discusses the feasibility of genome-oriented personalized treatments.
The Rhaeto-Romance languages have been known as such to the linguistic community since the pioneering studies of Ascoli and Gartner over a century ago. There has never been a community of RR speakers based on a common history or polity and the various dialects are mutually unintelligible, but a unity, based on a number of common features, has been advanced. This book is the first general description of the Rhaeto-Romance languages to be written in English. It provides a critical examination of the phonology, morphology, lexicon, and syntax of the modern Rhaeto-Romance dialects within the broader perspective of Romance comparative linguistics.
Italia: Civilta e Cultura offers a comprehensive description of historical and cultural development on the Italian peninsula. This project was developed to provide students and professors with a flexible and easy-to-read reference book about Italian civilization and cultural studies, also appropriate for cinema and Italian literature classes. This text is intended for students pursuing a minor or a major in Italian studies and serves as an important learning tool with its all-inclusive vision of Italy. Each chapter includes thematic itineraries to promote active class discussion and textual comprehension check-questions to guide students through the reading and understanding of the subject matter.
Illustrated with high quality photomicrographs, Differential Diagnosis of Body Fluids in Small Animal Cytology provides a comprehensive review of fluid cytology, with an extensive visual atlas. With key points describing the main clinical and cytological features of each pathologic condition, the book provides lists of causes and differential diagnoses, including handy 'pearls and pitfalls' boxes. It is also enriched by chapters on microbiology testing of body fluids and other advanced diagnostic techniques, making the book a valuable resource for veterinary specialists (in particular clinical and anatomical pathologists), residents, veterinary undergraduate students, and small animal practitioners.
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