Deep-fried in facts and cultural insight, a mouth-watering history of this briny staple—complete with salt and vinegar, mushy peas, and tartar sauce. Double-decker buses, bowler hats, and cricket may be synonymous with British culture, but when it comes to their cuisine, nothing comes to mind faster than fish and chips. Sprinkled with salt and vinegar and often accompanied by mushy peas, fish and chips were the original British fast food. In this innovative book, Panikos Panayi unwraps the history of Britain’s most popular takeout, relating a story that brings up complicated issues of class, identity, and development. Investigating the origins of eating fish and potatoes in Britain, Panayi describes the birth of the meal itself, telling how fried fish was first introduced and sold by immigrant Jews before it spread to the British working classes in the early nineteenth century. He then moves on to the technological and economic advances that led to its mass consumption and explores the height of fish and chips’ popularity in the first half of the twentieth century and how it has remained a favorite today, despite the arrival of new contenders for the title of Britain’s national dish. Revealing its wider ethnic affiliations within the country, he examines how migrant communities such as Italians came to dominate the fish and chip trade in the twentieth century. Brimming with facts, anecdotes, and images of historical and modern examples of this batter-dipped meal, Fish and Chips will appeal to all foodies who love this quintessentially British dish.
With the approach of the First World War, the German community in Britain began to be assailed by a combination of government measures and popular hostility which resulted in attacks against individuals with German connections and confiscation of their property. From May 1915, a policy of wholesale internment and repatriation was to reduce the German population by more than half of its pre-war figure. The author of this study charts the growth of the German community in Britain before detailing the story of its destruction under the chauvinistic intolerance which gripped the country during the Great War.
This is the first book to trace the history of all ethnic minorities in Germany during the nineteenth and twentieth-centuries. It argues that all of the different types of states in Germany since 1800 have displayed some level of hostility towards ethnic minorities. While this reached its peak under the Nazis, the book suggests a continuity of intolerance towards ethnic minorities from 1800 that continued into the Federal Republic. During this long period German states were home to three different types of ethnic minorities in the form of- dispersed Jews and Gypsies; localised minorities such as Serbs, Poles and Danes; and immigrants from the 1880s. Taking a chronological approach that runs into the new Millennium, the author traces the history of all of these ethnic groups, illustrating their relationship with the German government and with the rest of the German populace. He demonstrates that Germany provides a perfect testing ground for examining how different forms of rule deal with minorities, including monarchy, liberal democracy, fascism and communism.
The first study of how migrants view their own history and how migrant history is viewed by British society, this book addresses themes of vital importance to contemporary history, and covers every aspect of the migrant experience. Who are the migrants that have flocked to Britain since the nineteenth century? How do they understand their experiences? "Histories and Memories" is the first work of its kind to examine this question from the perspective of the migrants themselves, and the way in which historians and popular culture have recognised them. In so doing, it explores a wide range of ethnic groups and experiences from racism to Britishness, self-perception and the role of memory in migrant history. This original, incisive book breaks down disciplinary and intellectual boundaries to address themes of vital importance to contemporary history.
The oppression of minorities has been a theme in the history of Europe. It has been a cause of dispute over territory, often resulting in war. With nation states demanding undivided loyalty of its citizens, there has been discrimination and racism, which has often led to persecution, at its most extreme in the Nazi crusade against the Jews. This is a history of European minority communities. It deals with the dispersed minorities, the Jews and the gypsies, as well as the muslims of the Balkans and the diaspora of Germans in eastern Europe from the Middle Ages to 1945. Almost all countries have disadvantaged ethnic and linguistic minorities; whether minorities without their own states, such as the Breton, Scots, Vlachs and Kurds; or those such as the Russians in Estonia or the Greeks in Turkey, who form linguistic groups different from the native majorities. During wars the existence of alien communities often led to persecution, in turn bringing huge refugee migrations. The result has been the resettlement of European populations. Since World War II the demand for cheap labour has led to an influx of immigrants from outside Europe. This followed a wave in which workers from the poor Mediterranean countries travelled north to industrial heartlands. Although all EEC countries now operate strict controls on immigrants, there is pressure from the east, following the fall of Communism, and from the Third World, where birth rates outstrip that of Europe. The existence of this pressure is a determinant of Europe's history in the 21st century.
The period between 1929 and 1949 represents one of the most traumatic and destructive in the history of Germany. Economic crisis, Nazism, war, destruction and post-war dislocation dominated the lives of all Germans and those living in Germany. While all ethnic groups faced great hardship during these years, there were stark differences between the experience of native ethnic Germans, German refugees from Eastern Europe, German Jews, Romanies and foreigners. Using vital primary sources, archival material and insightful interviews, Panikos Panayi presents an extraordinary analysis of the individual experiences of, and relationships between, all these groups living in the German town of Osnabruck. He focuses on Alltagsgeschichte (the history of everyday life) to understand the realities for people living in one German location in a time of great change and upheaval. By concentrating on the wide span of 20 years of German experience he brings original breadth to an area of study, more commonly associated with the narrower focus of 1933-45. Despite the centrality of race in Nazi ideology, this is the first major study to look at the lives of all of the differing ethnic groups in Germany during this period. Panayi reveals the fluidity of the borderline between victims and perpetrators, how the use of forced labour dramatically changed the ethnic composition of the town and the impact of the arrival of German refugees from Eastern Europe at the end of World Wa II. Panayi's revealing analysis of the continuity and discontinuity in the everyday lives of Osnabruckers between 1929 and 1949, and the inter-ethnic relations during this period, is an essential reference tool for anyone wanting to understand the now time realities of living in Nazi Germany.
Traces the history of all ethnic minorities in Germany during the 19th and 20th centuries. The book examines the ways in which minority groups such as Jews and gypsies have attempted to cope with German nationalism since 1800.
Deep-fried in facts and cultural insight, a mouth-watering history of this briny staple—complete with salt and vinegar, mushy peas, and tartar sauce. Double-decker buses, bowler hats, and cricket may be synonymous with British culture, but when it comes to their cuisine, nothing comes to mind faster than fish and chips. Sprinkled with salt and vinegar and often accompanied by mushy peas, fish and chips were the original British fast food. In this innovative book, Panikos Panayi unwraps the history of Britain’s most popular takeout, relating a story that brings up complicated issues of class, identity, and development. Investigating the origins of eating fish and potatoes in Britain, Panayi describes the birth of the meal itself, telling how fried fish was first introduced and sold by immigrant Jews before it spread to the British working classes in the early nineteenth century. He then moves on to the technological and economic advances that led to its mass consumption and explores the height of fish and chips’ popularity in the first half of the twentieth century and how it has remained a favorite today, despite the arrival of new contenders for the title of Britain’s national dish. Revealing its wider ethnic affiliations within the country, he examines how migrant communities such as Italians came to dominate the fish and chip trade in the twentieth century. Brimming with facts, anecdotes, and images of historical and modern examples of this batter-dipped meal, Fish and Chips will appeal to all foodies who love this quintessentially British dish.
Based on years of research in libraries and archives in England, Germany, India and Switzerland, this book offers a new interpretation of global migration from the early nineteenth until the early twentieth century. Rather than focusing upon the mass transatlantic migration or the movement of Britons towards British colonies, it examines the elite German migrants who progressed to India, especially missionaries, scholars and scientists, businessmen and travellers. The story told here questions, for the first time, the concept of Europeans in India. Previous scholarship has ignored any national variations in the presence of white people in India, viewing them either as part of a ruling elite or, more recently, white subalterns. The German elites undermine these conceptions. They developed into distinct groups before 1914, especially in the missionary compound, but faced marginalisation and expulsion during the First World War.
The first history of Europe since 1945 which examines the continent from a mainly ethnic perspective, Panikos Panayi has drawn on years of research to produce this comparative and exploratory account of the experience of ethnic minorities in post-war Europe. The coverage encompasses all categories of minorities including immigrants and refugees, localised ethnic groupings and dispersed peoples. Geographically, the scope of the book ranges from the Atlantic to the Urals and the Mediterranean to the Arctic, looking in particular at the Soviet Union, Britain, France, Germany, Romania, Cyprus and the former Yugoslavia.
Based on years of research in libraries and archives in England, Germany, India and Switzerland, this book offers a new interpretation of global migration from the early nineteenth until the early twentieth century. Rather than focusing upon the mass transatlantic migration or the movement of Britons towards British colonies, it examines the elite German migrants who progressed to India, especially missionaries, scholars and scientists, businessmen and travellers. The story told here questions, for the first time, the concept of Europeans in India. Previous scholarship has ignored any national variations in the presence of white people in India, viewing them either as part of a ruling elite or, more recently, white subalterns. The German elites undermine these conceptions. They developed into distinct groups before 1914, especially in the missionary compound, but faced marginalisation and expulsion during the First World War.
During the First World War, Britain was the epicentre of global mass internment and deportation operations. Germans, Austro-Hungarians, Turks, and Bulgarians who had settled in Britain and its overseas territories were deemed to be a potential danger to the realm through their ties with the Central Powers and were classified as 'enemy aliens'. A complex set of wartime legislation imposed limitations on their freedom of movement, expression, and property possession. Approximately 50,000 men and some women experienced the most drastic step of enemy alien control, namely internment behind barbed wire, in many cases for the whole duration of the war and thousands of miles away from the place of arrest. Enemies in the Empire is the first study to analyse British internment operations against civilian 'enemies' during the First World War from an imperial perspective. The narrative takes a three-pronged approach. In addition to a global examination, the volume demonstrates how internment operated on a (proto-) national scale within the three selected case studies of the metropole (Britain), a white dominion (South Africa), and a colony under direct rule (India). Stefan Manz and Panikos Panayi then bring their study to the local level by concentrating on the three camps Knockaloe (Britain), Fort Napier (South Africa), and Ahmednagar (India), allowing for detailed analyses of personal experiences. Although conditions were generally humane, in some cases, suffering occurred. The study argues that the British Empire played a key role in developing civilian internment as a central element of warfare and national security on a global scale.
Examines immigration, ethnicity and racism in Britain from 1815 to 1945. This book tackles four themes: why so many immigrants made their way to Britain during that time; the geographical, gender and economic divisions of newcomers; ethnicity; and the reactions of the British to the newcomers.
The period between 1929 and 1949 represents one of the most traumatic and destructive in the history of Germany. Economic crisis, Nazism, war, destruction and post-war dislocation dominated the lives of all Germans and those living in Germany. While all ethnic groups faced great hardship during these years, there were stark differences between the experience of native ethnic Germans, German refugees from Eastern Europe, German Jews, Romanies and foreigners. Using vital primary sources, archival material and insightful interviews, Panikos Panayi presents an extraordinary analysis of the individual experiences of, and relationships between, all these groups living in the German town of Osnabruck. He focuses on Alltagsgeschichte (the history of everyday life) to understand the realities for people living in one German location in a time of great change and upheaval. By concentrating on the wide span of 20 years of German experience he brings original breadth to an area of study, more commonly associated with the narrower focus of 1933-45. Despite the centrality of race in Nazi ideology, this is the first major study to look at the lives of all of the differing ethnic groups in Germany during this period. Panayi reveals the fluidity of the borderline between victims and perpetrators, how the use of forced labour dramatically changed the ethnic composition of the town and the impact of the arrival of German refugees from Eastern Europe at the end of World Wa II. Panayi's revealing analysis of the continuity and discontinuity in the everyday lives of Osnabruckers between 1929 and 1949, and the inter-ethnic relations during this period, is an essential reference tool for anyone wanting to understand the now time realities of living in Nazi Germany.
Immigration, ethnicity, multiculturalism and racism have become part of daily discourse in Britain in recent decades – yet, far from being new, these phenomena have characterised British life since the 19th century. While the numbers of immigrants increased after the Second World War, groups such as the Irish, Germans and East European Jews have been arriving, settling and impacting on British society from the Victorian period onwards. In this comprehensive and fascinating account, Panikos Panayi examines immigration as an ongoing process in which ethnic communities evolve as individuals choose whether to retain their ethnic identities and customs or to integrate and assimilate into wider British norms. Consequently, he tackles the contradictions in the history of immigration over the past two centuries: migration versus government control; migrant poverty versus social mobility; ethnic identity versus increasing Anglicisation; and, above all, racism versus multiculturalism. Providing an important historical context to contemporary debates, and taking into account the complexity and variety of individual experiences over time, this book demonstrates that no simple approach or theory can summarise the migrant experience in Britain.
The first history of London to show how immigrants have built, shaped and made a great success of the capital city London is now a global financial and multicultural hub in which over three hundred languages are spoken. But the history of London has always been a history of immigration. Panikos Panayi explores the rich and vibrant story of London– from its founding two millennia ago by Roman invaders, to Jewish and German immigrants in the Victorian period, to the Windrush generation invited from Caribbean countries in the twentieth century. Panayi shows how migration has been fundamental to London’s economic, social, political and cultural development.“br/> Migrant City sheds light on the various ways in which newcomers have shaped London life, acting as cheap labour, contributing to the success of its financial sector, its curry houses, and its football clubs. London’s economy has long been driven by migrants, from earlier continental financiers and more recent European Union citizens. Without immigration, fueled by globalization, Panayi argues, London would not have become the world city it is today.
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