Panel on Support Organizations for the Engineering Community's Books

Support Organizations for the Engineering Community

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems,Committee on the Education and Utilization of the Engineer,Panel on Support Organizations for the Engineering Community

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Support Organizations for the Engineering Community

This report summarizes the results of the work of the Panel on Support Organizations for the Engineering Community, which was one of the subcommittees of the National Research Council's Committee on the Education and Utilization of the Engineer. The panel found that many engineering support needs were common to all of the sectors investigated and, in a number of instances, the support mechanisms themselves were also common. The sectors studied included academia, government, industry, private practice, and the society at large. Some of the common needs and concerns addressed by this document are: (1) technical competence; (2) information exchange; (3) professional development; and (4) professional standards. The appendices include a discussion of public information and media outreach activities, and a survey of journalists' perceptions of engineers, physicians, and scientists. (TW)

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309036291

ISBN 13

9780309036290

Developing and Evaluating Methods for Using American Community Survey Data to Support the School Meals Programs

Interim Report

By: National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics,Panel on Estimating Children Eligible for School Nutrition Programs Using the American Community Survey

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Developing and Evaluating Methods for Using American Community Survey Data to Support the School Meals Programs

Interim Report

The National School Lunch Program and the School Breakfast Program, administered by the Food and Nutrition Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), are key components of the nation's food security safety net, providing free or low-cost meals to millions of school-age children each day. Under the most commonly adopted provisions, USDA reimburses districts for meals served on the basis of data collected in a "base year," during which applications are taken. After 3 or 4 years, applications must be taken again to establish new base-year data, unless the district provides evidence that local conditions have not changed. A special provision that does not require applications to be taken every few years would reduce burden, be more attractive to school districts, and potentially increase student participation by expanding access to free meals. To support the development of such a provision, the Food and Nutrition Service asked the National Academies to study the technical and operational issues that arise in using data from the American Community Survey (ACS)-a new continuous survey replacing the long-form survey of the decennial census-to obtain estimates of students who are eligible for free and reduced-price meals for schools and school districts. Such estimates would be used to develop "claiming percentages" that, if sufficiently accurate, would determine federal reimbursements to districts for the schools that provide free meals to all students under a new special provision that eliminates the base-year requirements of current provisions.

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141

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309161568

ISBN 13

9780309161565

Research Required to Support Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Monitoring

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Panel on Basic Research Requirements in Support of Comprehensive Test Ban Monitoring

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Research Required to Support Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Monitoring

On September 24, 1996, President Clinton signed the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty at the United Nations Headquarters. Over the next five months, 141 nations, including the four other nuclear weapon statesâ€"Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdomâ€"added their signatures to this total ban on nuclear explosions. To help achieve verification of compliance with its provisions, the treaty specifies an extensive International Monitoring System of seismic, hydroacoustic, infrasonic, and radionuclide sensors. This volume identifies specific research activities that will be needed if the United States is to effectively monitor compliance with the treaty provisions.

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151

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309058260

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9780309058261

A Review of the EPA Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan

Parts I and II

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Panel on Water System Security Research

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A Review of the EPA Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan

Parts I and II

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Panel on Water System Security Research

The report examines a draft plan, prepared by the Environmental Protection Agency, that identifies critical security issues for drinking water and wastewater and outlines related research and technical support needs. This report recommends increased attention to interagency coordination and encourages additional consideration of current restrictions on secure information dissemination. It further suggests that EPA incorporate the results of their research activities into an integrated water security guidance document to improve support for water and wastewater utilities.

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138

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309167175

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9780309167178

Engineering Infrastructure Diagramming and Modeling

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems,Committee on the Education and Utilization of the Engineer,Panel on Engineering Infrastructure Diagramming and Modeling

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Engineering Infrastructure Diagramming and Modeling

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems,Committee on the Education and Utilization of the Engineer,Panel on Engineering Infrastructure Diagramming and Modeling

This report forms an integral part of a study conducted by the Committee on the Education and Utilization of the Engineer, under the auspices of the National Research Council. Five major tasks undertaken by the panel were: (1) defining engineering; (2) determining influences on the engineering community, including external influences and internal factors; (3) developing schematic flow diagrams that include the major sources, flows, and activities of the engineering community; (4) developing and describing a first-order model of the engineering community; and (5) providing an overview and assessment of 14 data bases used in the development of the diagram and model. "The Definition of Engineering and of Engineers in Historical Context"; "Trends in Engineering Enrollments and Degrees Granted"; and "Flow Diagrams" are provided in the appendices. (YP)

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156

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309036399

ISBN 13

9780309036399

Statistical Software Engineering

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Panel on Statistical Methods in Software Engineering

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Statistical Software Engineering

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Panel on Statistical Methods in Software Engineering

This book identifies challenges and opportunities in the development and implementation of software that contain significant statistical content. While emphasizing the relevance of using rigorous statistical and probabilistic techniques in software engineering contexts, it presents opportunities for further research in the statistical sciences and their applications to software engineering. It is intended to motivate and attract new researchers from statistics and the mathematical sciences to attack relevant and pressing problems in the software engineering setting. It describes the "big picture," as this approach provides the context in which statistical methods must be developed. The book's survey nature is directed at the mathematical sciences audience, but software engineers should also find the statistical emphasis refreshing and stimulating. It is hoped that the book will have the effect of seeding the field of statistical software engineering by its indication of opportunities where statistical thinking can help to increase understanding, productivity, and quality of software and software production.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309176085

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9780309176088

Measuring Health Performance in the Public Sector

A Summary of Two Reports

By: National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Panel on Performance Measures and Data for Public Health Performance Partnership Grants

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Measuring Health Performance in the Public Sector

A Summary of Two Reports

The Panel on Performance Measures and Data for Public Health Performance Partnership Grants was established at the request of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). Its charge is to examine the state of the art in performance measurement for public health and to recommend measures that could be used to monitor the Performance Partnership Grant agreements to be negotiated between each state and the federal government. The panel was asked to consider performance measures in ten areas, which are clearly a subset of the full range of traditional public health concerns: chronic diseases; sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and tuberculosis; mental health; immunization; substance abuse; and three areas of prevention of special interest to DHHS-sexual assault, disabilities, and emergency medical services. This report focuses on measures that states and the federal government can use over the next 3 to 5 years to negotiate agreements and monitor performance in these areas. A later report will examine additional measures that might be developed from new research findings on program effectiveness or as improvements are made to state and federal surveys and data systems.

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ISBN 10

0309065836

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9780309065832

Measuring a Changing Nation

Modern Methods for the 2000 Census

By: Panel on Alternative Census Methodologies,Committee on National Statistics,Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,National Research Council

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Measuring a Changing Nation

Modern Methods for the 2000 Census

This final report of the Panel on Alternative Census Methodologies provides an assessment of the Census Bureau's plans for the 2000 census as of the time of the 1998 census dress rehearsal. It examines changes in census plans following, and to a modest extent in reaction to, the panel's second interim report, regarding the use of sampling for nonresponse follow-up, construction of the master address file, use of multiple response modes and respondent-friendly questionnaires, and the use of administrative records. It also describes evaluation plans for the census dress rehearsal and plans for data collection and experimentation during the 2000 census. Most of the results from the dress rehearsal were not yet available to the panel, so this report does not offer any suggested changes to 2000 census plans in response to the dress rehearsal.

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126

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309519071

ISBN 13

9780309519076

Measuring a Changing Nation

Modern Methods for the 2000 Census

By: National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics,Panel on Alternative Census Methodologies

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Measuring a Changing Nation

Modern Methods for the 2000 Census

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126

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309064449

ISBN 13

9780309064446

Continuing Education of Engineers

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Continuing Education of Engineers

This report of the Panel of Continuing Education was prepared as part of the study on engineering education and practice in the United States that was conducted under the guidance of the National Research Council's Committee on the Education and Utilization of the Engineer. The report deals with: (1) "Participation in Continuing Education--The Engineer's Perspective"; (2) "The Role of Industry"; (3) "The Role of the University"; (4) "The Role of Professional Societies"; (5) "The Role of Proprietary Schools"; and (6) "The Role of Government." A reference list and bibliography are included, along with appendices which address a pilot study for a study of policymakers' attitudes toward continuing education, a list of 1984 continuing education programs of technical societies, and a professional society survey. (TW)

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103

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ISBN 10

0309035937

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9780309035934

Manufacturing Process Controls for the Industries of the Future

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Manufacturing and Engineering Design,National Materials Advisory Board,Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems,Committee on Industrial Technology Assessments,Panel on Manufacturing Process Controls

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Manufacturing Process Controls for the Industries of the Future

Manufacturing process controls include all systems and software that exert control over production processes. Control systems include process sensors, data processing equipment, actuators, networks to connect equipment, and algorithms to relate process variables to product attributes. Since 1995, the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Industrial Technology 's (OIT) program management strategy has reflected its commitment to increasing and documenting the commercial impact of OIT programs. OIT's management strategy for research and development has been in transition from a "technology push" strategy to a "market pull" strategy based on the needs of seven energy-and waste-intensive industries-steel, forest products, glass, metal casting, aluminum, chemicals, and petroleum refining. These industries, designated as Industries of the Future (IOF), are the focus of OIT programs. In 1997, agriculture, specifically renewable bioproducts, was added to the IOF group. The National Research Council Panel on Manufacturing Process Controls is part of the Committee on Industrial Technology Assessments (CITA), which was established to evaluate the OIT program strategy, to provide guidance during the transition to the new IOF strategy, and to assess the effects of the change in program strategy on cross-cutting technology programs, that is, technologies applicable to several of the IOF industries. The panel was established to identify key processes and needs for improved manufacturing control technology, especially the needs common to several IOF industries; identify specific research opportunities for addressing these common industry needs; suggest criteria for identifying and prioritizing research and development (R&D) to improve manufacturing controls technologies; and recommend means for implementing advances in control technologies.

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ISBN 10

0309061849

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9780309061841

Improving Data to Analyze Food and Nutrition Policies

By: National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics,Panel on Enhancing the Data Infrastructure in Support of Food and Nutrition Programs, Research, and Decision Making

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Improving Data to Analyze Food and Nutrition Policies

Several changes in the United States over the past two decades have implications for diet, nutrition, and food safety, including patterns of food consumption that have produced an increase in overweight and obese Americans and threats to food safety from pathogens and bioterrorism. The changes raise a number of critical policy and research questions: How do differences in food prices and availability or in households' time resources for shopping and food preparation affect what people consume and where they eat? How do factors outside of the household, such as the availability of stores and restaurants, food preparation technology, and food marketing and labeling policies, affect what people are consuming? What effects have food assistance programs had on the nutritional quality of diets and the health of those served by the programs? Where do people buy and consume food and how does food preparation affect food safety? To address these and related questions, the Economic Research Service (ERS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) asked the Committee on National Statistics to convene a panel of experts to provide advice for improving the data infrastructure on food consumption and nutrition. The panel was charged to review data needs to support research and decision making for food and nutrition policies and programs in USDA and to assess the adequacy of the current data infrastructure and recommend enhancements to improve it. The primary basis for the panel's deliberations, given limited resources, was a workshop on Enhancing the Data Infrastructure in Support of Food and Nutrition Programs, Research, and Decision Making, which the panel convened on May 27-28, 2004. This report is based on the discussions at the workshop and the deliberations of the panel. The report outlines key data that are needed to better address questions related to food consumption, diet, and health; discusses the available data and some limitations of those data; and offers recommendations for improvements in those data. The panel was charged to consider USDA data needs for policy making and the focus of the report is on those needs.

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146

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309100054

ISBN 13

9780309100052

Assessment of Technologies Deployed to Improve Aviation Security

First Report

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Materials Advisory Board,Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems,Panel on Assessment of Technologies Deployed to Improve Aviation Security

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Assessment of Technologies Deployed to Improve Aviation Security

First Report

This report assesses the operational performance of explosives-detection equipment and hardened unit-loading devices (HULDs) in airports and compares their operational performance to their laboratory performance, with a focus on improving aviation security.

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ISBN 10

0309172438

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9780309172431

A Vision for the National Weather Service

Road Map for the Future

By: National Research Council,National Weather Service,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems,National Weather Service Modernization Committee,Panel on the Road Map for the Future

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A Vision for the National Weather Service

Road Map for the Future

In this study, the committee explores ways the National Weather Service (NWS) can take advantage of continuing advances in science and technology to meet the challenges of the future. The predictions are focused on the target year 2025. Because specific predictions about the state of science and technology or the NWS more than 25 years in the future will not be entirely accurate, the goal of this report is to identify and highlight trends that are most likely to influence change. The Panel on the Road Map for the Future National Weather Service developed an optimistic vision for 2025 based on advances in science and technology.

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0309173213

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9780309173216

Review of CCSP Draft Synthesis and Assessment Product 5.3

Decision-Support Experiments and Evaluations Using Seasonal to Interannual Forecasts and Observational Data

By: National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Center for Economic, Governance, and International Studies,Committee on the Human Dimensions of Global Change,Panel to Review CCSP Draft Synthesis and Assessment Product 5.3: Decision-Support Experiments and Evaluations Using Seasonal to Interannual Forecasts and Observational Data

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Review of CCSP Draft Synthesis and Assessment Product 5.3

Decision-Support Experiments and Evaluations Using Seasonal to Interannual Forecasts and Observational Data

This study offered an independent peer review for a synthetic document being produced for the CCSP. It found the draft document to be in a fairly early stage of development and noted several issues needing attention in the revision. The draft was inconsistent across sections with respect to whether or not it accepted two assumptions: that more skillful forecasts necessarily have greater value, and that the most useful form of information is a projected future value of an outcome parameter with an uncertainty distribution. Available scientific evidence gives reason to question these assumptions, and the draft did not discuss the evidence. Among other issues needing attention, the review called for the revised draft to do more to substantiate its claims of the potential benefits of knowledge-action networks and to give more careful consideration to the appropriate balance of roles between governmental and private efforts.

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ISBN 10

030911568X

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9780309115681

Toward Sustainability

A Plan for Collaborative Research on Agriculture and Natural Resource Management

By: National Research Council,Board on Science and Technology for International Development,Board on Agriculture,Panel for Collaborative Research Support for AID's Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management Program

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Toward Sustainability

A Plan for Collaborative Research on Agriculture and Natural Resource Management

Toward Sustainability recommends a design for a new Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP) for the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID). Currently, eight CRSPs operate under legislation that supports long-term agricultural research of benefit to developing countries and the United States. This book defines a process by which knowledge from all relevant AID-supported programs could be integrated and applied to advance profitable farming systems that improve local conditions and contribute to environmental goals. It makes recommendations on the types of competitive grants that should be made available under a new program, institutional participation, content of research proposals, and administrative procedures.

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164

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309045401

ISBN 13

9780309045407

Separation Technologies for the Industries of the Future

By: Panel on Separation Technology for Industrial Reuse and Recycling,Committee on Industrial Technology Assessments,Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems,National Materials Advisory Board,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Research Council

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Separation Technologies for the Industries of the Future

Separation processesor processes that use physical, chemical, or electrical forces to isolate or concentrate selected constituents of a mixtureare essential to the chemical, petroleum refining, and materials processing industries. In this volume, an expert panel reviews the separation process needs of seven industries and identifies technologies that hold promise for meeting these needs, as well as key technologies that could enable separations. In addition, the book recommends criteria for the selection of separations research projects for the Department of Energy's Office of Industrial Technology.

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128

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309592828

ISBN 13

9780309592826

Statistics, Testing, and Defense Acquisition

Background Papers

By: National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Panel on Statistical Methods for Testing and Evaluating Defense Systems

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Statistics, Testing, and Defense Acquisition

Background Papers

The Panel on Statistical Methods for Testing and Evaluating Defense Systems had a broad mandate-to examine the use of statistics in conjunction with defense testing. This involved examining methods for software testing, reliability test planning and estimation, validation of modeling and simulation, and use of modem techniques for experimental design. Given the breadth of these areas, including the great variety of applications and special issues that arise, making a contribution in each of these areas required that the Panel's work and recommendations be at a relatively general level. However, a variety of more specific research issues were either brought to the Panel's attention by members of the test and acquisition community, e.g., what was referred to as Dubin's challenge (addressed in the Panel's interim report), or were identified by members of the panel. In many of these cases the panel thought that a more in-depth analysis or a more detailed application of suggestions or recommendations made by the Panel would either be useful as input to its deliberations or could be used to help communicate more individual views of members of the Panel to the defense test community. This resulted in several research efforts. Given various criteria, especially immediate relevance to the test and acquisition community, the Panel has decided to make available three technical or background papers, each authored by a Panel member jointly with a colleague. These papers are individual contributions and are not a consensus product of the Panel; however, the Panel has drawn from these papers in preparation of its final report: Statistics, Testing, and Defense Acquisition. The Panel has found each of these papers to be extremely useful and they are strongly recommended to readers of the Panel's final report.

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180

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309184088

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9780309184083

Evaluating Welfare Reform

A Framework and Review of Current Work, Interim Report

By: National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics,Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Panel on Data and Methods for Measuring the Effects of Changes in Social Welfare Programs

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Evaluating Welfare Reform

A Framework and Review of Current Work, Interim Report

The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996 fundamentally changed the nation's social welfare system, replacing a federal entitlement program for low-income families, called Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), with state-administered block grants, the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program. PRWORA furthered a trend started earlier in the decade under so called "waiver" programs-state experiments with different types of AFDC rules-toward devolution of design and control of social welfare programs from the federal government to the states. The legislation imposed several new, major requirements on state use of federal welfare funds but otherwise freed states to reconfigure their programs as they want. The underlying goal of the legislation is to decrease dependence on welfare and increase the self-sufficiency of poor families in the United States. In summer 1998, the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) of the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) asked the Committee on National Statistics of the National Research Council to convene a Panel on Data and Methods for Measuring the Effects of Changes in Social Welfare Programs. The panel's overall charge is to study and make recommendations on the best strategies for evaluating the effects of PRWORA and other welfare reforms and to make recommendations on data needs for conducting useful evaluations. This interim report presents the panel's initial conclusions and recommendations. Given the short length of time the panel has been in existence, this report necessarily treats many issues in much less depth than they will be treated in the final report. The report has an immediate short-run goal of providing DHHS-ASPE with recommendations regarding some of its current projects, particularly those recently funded to study "welfare leavers"-former welfare recipients who have left the welfare rolls as part of the recent decline in welfare caseloads.

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159

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309184118

ISBN 13

9780309184113

Configuration Management and Performance Verification of Explosives-Detection Systems

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Materials Advisory Board,Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems,Panel on Technical Regulation of Explosives Detection Systems

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Configuration Management and Performance Verification of Explosives-Detection Systems

This report assesses the configuration-management and performance-verification options for the development and regulation of commercially available Explosive Detection Systems (EDS) and other systems designed for detection of explosives. In particular, the panel authoring this report (1) assessed the advantages and disadvantages of methods used for configuration management and performance verification relative to the FAA's needs for explosives-detection equipment regulation, (2) outlined a "quality management program" that the FAA can follow that includes configuration management and performance verification and that will encourage commercial development and improvement of explosives-detection equipment while ensuring that such systems are manufactured to meet FAA certification requirements, and (3) outlined a performance-verification strategy that the FAA can follow to ensure that EDSs continue to perform at certification specifications in the airport environment.

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ISBN 10

0309061962

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9780309061964

Small-Area Estimates of School-Age Children in Poverty

Interim Report 1, Evaluation of 1993 County Estimates for Title I Allocations

By: National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Panel on Estimates of Poverty for Small Geographic Areas

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Small-Area Estimates of School-Age Children in Poverty

Interim Report 1, Evaluation of 1993 County Estimates for Title I Allocations

The Panel on Estimates of Poverty for Small Geographic Areas was established by the Committee on National Statistics at the National Research Council in response to the Improving America's Schools Act of 1994. That act charged the U.S. Census Bureau to produce updated estimates of poor school-age children every two years for the nation's more than 3,000 counties and 14,000 school districts. The act also charged the panel with determining the appropriateness and reliability of the Bureau's estimates for use in the allocation of more than $7 billion of Title I funds each year for educationally disadvantaged children. The panel's charge was both a major one and one with immovable deadlines. The panel had to evaluate the Census Bureau's work on a very tight schedule in order to meet legal requirements for allocation of Title I funds. As it turned out, the panel produced three interim reports: the first one evaluated county-level estimates of poor school-age children in 1993, the second one assessed a revised set of 1993 county estimates; and the third one covered both county- and school district-level estimates of poor school-age children in 1995. This volume combines and updates these three reports into a single reference volume.

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100

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309058325

ISBN 13

9780309058322

Spatial Statistics and Digital Image Analysis

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Board on Mathematical Sciences,Panel on Spatial Statistics and Image Processing

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Spatial Statistics and Digital Image Analysis

Spatial statistics is one of the most rapidly growing areas of statistics, rife with fascinating research opportunities. Yet many statisticians are unaware of those opportunities, and most students in the United States are never exposed to any course work in spatial statistics. Written to be accessible to the nonspecialist, this volume surveys the applications of spatial statistics to a wide range of areas, including image analysis, geosciences, physical chemistry, and ecology. The book describes the contributions of the mathematical sciences, summarizes the current state of knowledge, and identifies directions for research.

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257

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030904376X

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9780309043762

An Assessment of Four Divisions of the Physical Measurement Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology

Fiscal Year 2018

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Laboratory Assessments Board,Committee on NIST Technical Programs,Panel on Review of Four Divisions of the Physical Measurement Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology

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An Assessment of Four Divisions of the Physical Measurement Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology

Fiscal Year 2018

An Assessment of Four Divisions of the Physical Measurement Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology: Fiscal Year 2018 assesses the scientific and technical work performed by four divisions of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Physical Measurement Laboratory. This publication reviews technical reports and technical program descriptions prepared by NIST staff and summarizes the findings of the authoring panel.

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ISBN 10

0309485452

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9780309485456

Management and Disposition of Excess Weapons Plutonium

Reactor-Related Options

By: National Academy of Sciences,Committee on International Security and Arms Control,Panel on Reactor-Related Options for the Disposition of Excess Weapons Plutonium

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Management and Disposition of Excess Weapons Plutonium

Reactor-Related Options

By: National Academy of Sciences,Committee on International Security and Arms Control,Panel on Reactor-Related Options for the Disposition of Excess Weapons Plutonium

Within the next decade, many thousands of U.S. and Russian nuclear weapons are slated to be retired as a result of nuclear arms reduction treaties and unilateral pledges. Hundreds of tons of plutonium and highly enriched uranium will no longer be needed for weapons purposes and will pose urgent challenges to international security. This is the supporting volume to a study by the Committee on International Security and Arms Control which dealt with all phases of the management and disposition of these materials. This technical study concentrates on the option for the disposition of plutonium, looking in detail at the different types of reactors in which weapons plutonium could be burned and at the vitrification of plutonium, and comparing them using economic, security and environmental criteria.

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432

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309051452

ISBN 13

9780309051453

Engineering in Society

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Engineering in Society

The National Research Council's Panel on Engineering Interactions with Society was formed to examine the functioning of the engineering profession in the context of, and in relation to, American society. This document presents the findings of the panel. The panel's inquiry was twofold. First, it examined the impact that engineering and technology development has had on the nation, including the impact on societal demands, values, and perceptions on engineering. Next, the panel attempted to assess the structure and development of the engineering profession, and the adaptability of the profession in meeting current and future national needs. Chapters in the document deal with: (1) the evolution of American engineering; (2) the present era (managing change in the information age); (3) engineering and social dynamics; (4) maintaining flexibility in an age of stress and rapid change; and (5) conclusions and recommendations. Appendices include 23 references and a 16-item bibliography, along with an article prepared by Arthur L. Donovan, entitled "Engineering in an Increasingly Complex Society: Historical Perspectives on Education, Practice, and Adaptation in American Engineering." (TW)

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145

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309035929

ISBN 13

9780309035927

Catalysis Looks to the Future

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Panel on New Directions in Catalytic Science and Technology

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Catalysis Looks to the Future

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Panel on New Directions in Catalytic Science and Technology

The impact of catalysis on the nation's economy is evidenced by the fact that catalytic technologies generate U.S. sales in excess of $400 billion per year and a net positive balance of trade of $16 billion annually. This book outlines recent accomplishments in the science and technology of catalysis and summarizes important likely challenges and opportunities on the near horizon. It also presents recommendations for investment of financial and human resources by industry, academe, national laboratories, and relevant federal agencies if the nation is to maintain continuing leadership in this fieldâ€"one that is critical to the chemical and petroleum processing industries, essential for energy-efficient means for environmental protection, and vital for the production of a broad range of pharmaceuticals.

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309045843

ISBN 13

9780309045841

Caring for America's Children

By: National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Panel on Child Care Policy

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Caring for America's Children

By: National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Panel on Child Care Policy

Do child care centers and family day care homes provide quality care for the children they serve? Do parents know how to identify quality when selecting a center or family home for their children? This easy-to-read, accessible booklet provides an overview of what constitutes quality in out-of-home care. Based on the National Research Council's detailed examination of child development and child care, Who Cares for America's Children,this booklet provides practical guidance for parents, child care providers, and policymakers. It highlights what to look for in a center or family day care home, presents what researchers and experts know about the best settings for children, and suggests what characteristics of quality care are amenable to standards or regulations. Single copy, $6.50; 2-9 copies, $5.50 each; 10 or more copies, $3.75 each (no other discounts apply).

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309045800

ISBN 13

9780309045803

A Review of NASA's 'Atmospheric Effects of Stratospheric Aircraft' Project

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Panel on Atmospheric Effects of Aviation

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A Review of NASA's 'Atmospheric Effects of Stratospheric Aircraft' Project

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Panel on Atmospheric Effects of Aviation

The NRC Panel on the Atmospheric Effects of Aviation (PAEAN) was established to provide guidance to NASA's Atmospheric Effects of Aviation Program (AEAP) by evaluating the appropriateness of the program's research plan, appraising the project-sponsored results relative to the current state of scientific knowledge, identifying key scientific uncertainties, and suggesting research activities likely to reduce those uncertainties. Over the last few years, the panel has written periodic reviews of both the subsonic aviation (Subsonic Assessment-SASS) and the supersonic aviation (Atmospheric Effects of Stratospheric Aircraft-AESA) components of AEAP, including: An Interim Review of the Subsonic Assessment Project (1997); An Interim Assessment of AEAP's Emissions Characterization and Near-Field Interactions Elements (1997); An Interim Review of the AESA Project: Science and Progress (1998); Atmospheric Effects of Aviation: A Review of NASA's Subsonic Assessment Project (1998). This report constitutes the final review of AESA and will be the last report written by this panel. The primary audience for these reports is the program managers and scientists affiliated with AEAP, although in some cases the topics discussed are of interest to a wider audience.

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309065895

ISBN 13

9780309065894

Effects of Past Global Change on Life

By: Panel on Effects of Past Global Change on Life,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

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Effects of Past Global Change on Life

By: Panel on Effects of Past Global Change on Life,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

What can we expect as global change progresses? Will there be thresholds that trigger sudden shifts in environmental conditions--or that cause catastrophic destruction of life? Effects of Past Global Change on Life explores what earth scientists are learning about the impact of large-scale environmental changes on ancient life--and how these findings may help us resolve today's environmental controversies. Leading authorities discuss historical climate trends and what can be learned from the mass extinctions and other critical periods about the rise and fall of plant and animal species in response to global change. The volume develops a picture of how environmental change has closed some evolutionary doors while opening others--including profound effects on the early members of the human family. An expert panel offers specific recommendations on expanding research and improving investigative tools--and targets historical periods and geological and biological patterns with the most promise of shedding light on future developments. This readable and informative book will be of special interest to professionals in the earth sciences and the environmental community as well as concerned policymakers.

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267

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309552613

ISBN 13

9780309552615

A Plan for a Research Program on Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Climate Change

By: Panel on Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Climate Change,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

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A Plan for a Research Program on Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Climate Change

By: Panel on Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Climate Change,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

This book recommends the initiation of an "integrated" research program to study the role of aerosols in the predicted global climate change. Current understanding suggest that, even now, aerosols, primarily from anthropogenic sources, may be reducing the rate of warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions. In addition to specific research recommendations, this book forcefully argues for two kinds of research program integration: integration of the individual laboratory, field, and theoretical research activities and an integrated management structure that involves all of the concerned federal agencies.

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Page Count

180

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309588871

ISBN 13

9780309588874

Four-Dimensional Model Assimilation of Data

A Strategy for the Earth System Sciences

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Panel on Model-Assimilated Data Sets for Atmospheric and Oceanic Research

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Four-Dimensional Model Assimilation of Data

A Strategy for the Earth System Sciences

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Panel on Model-Assimilated Data Sets for Atmospheric and Oceanic Research

This volume explores and evaluates the development, multiple applications, and usefulness of four-dimensional (space and time) model assimilations of data in the atmospheric and oceanographic sciences and projects their applicability to the earth sciences as a whole. Using the predictive power of geophysical laws incorporated in the general circulation model to produce a background field for comparison with incoming raw observations, the model assimilation process synthesizes diverse, temporarily inconsistent, and spatially incomplete observations from worldwide land, sea, and space data acquisition systems into a coherent representation of an evolving earth system. The book concludes that this subdiscipline is fundamental to the geophysical sciences and presents a basic strategy to extend the application of this subdiscipline to the earth sciences as a whole.

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309045363

ISBN 13

9780309045360

International Network of Global Fiducial Stations

Science and Implementation Issues

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Committee on Geodesy,Panel on a Global Network of Fiducial Sites

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International Network of Global Fiducial Stations

Science and Implementation Issues

The advent of highly precise space-based geodetic techniques has led to the application of these techniques to the solution of global earth and ocean problems. Now under consideration is a worldwide network of interconnected fiducial stations where geodetic as well as other scientific measurements can be made. This book discusses the science rationale behind the concept of an extensive global network of fiducial sites. It identifies geophysical problems that cannot be solved without a global approach and cites geodetic objectives that call for a global deployment of fiducial sites. It concludes with operations considerations and proposes a plan for development of the global network.

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142

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309045436

ISBN 13

9780309045438

Vetiver Grass

A Thin Green Line Against Erosion

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science and Technology for International Development,Panel on Vetiver

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Vetiver Grass

A Thin Green Line Against Erosion

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science and Technology for International Development,Panel on Vetiver

For developing nations, soil erosion is among the most chronic environmental and economic burdens. Vast amounts of topsoil are washed or blown away from arable land only to accumulate in rivers, reservoirs, harbors, and estuaries, thereby creating a double disaster: a vital resource disappears from where it is desperately needed and is deposited where it is equally unwanted. Despite much rhetoric and effort, little has been done to overcome this problem. Vetiver, a little-known tropical grass, offers one practical and inexpensive way to control erosion on a huge scale in both humid and semi-arid regions. Hedges of this deeply rooted species catch and hold back sediments while the stiff foliage acts as a filter that also slows runoff and keeps moisture on site. This book assesses vetiver's promise and limitations and identifies places where this grass can be deployed without undue environmental risk.

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186

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309042690

ISBN 13

9780309042697

Ground Water at Yucca Mountain

How High Can It Rise?

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,Panel on Coupled Hydrologic/Tectonic/Hydrothermal Systems at Yucca Mountain

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Ground Water at Yucca Mountain

How High Can It Rise?

The site of a proposed repository for high-level radioactive waste from the nation's nuclear power plants is not at risk of ground water infiltration, concludes this important book. Yucca Mountain, located about 100 miles northwest of Las Vegas, has been proposed as the site for permanent underground disposal of high-level radioactive waste from the nation's civilian nuclear power plants. To resolve concerns raised by a Department of Energy (DOE) staff scientist concerning the potential for ground water to rise 1,000 feet to the level proposed for the repository, DOE requested this study to evaluate independently the past history and future potential of large upward excursions of the ground water beneath Yucca Mountain.

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241

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030904748X

ISBN 13

9780309047487

Assessment of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program

III. Social and Economic Studies

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee to Review the Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program,Socioeconomics Panel

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Assessment of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program

III. Social and Economic Studies

This is the third of four volumes from the Committee to Review the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Environmental Studies Program (ESP). The first two dealt with physical, oceanographic, and ecological aspects of the program. This book presents the findings of the panel's investigation of the social and economic relevance of OCS oil and gas activities and the social and economic aspects of the ESP. It describes the potential effects of OCS activities on the human environment, presents an ideal socioeconomic studies program, and comments on the current program in the Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Pacific, and Alaska regions.

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163

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309186226

ISBN 13

9780309186223

Engineering Undergraduate Education

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems,Commission on Education and Technical Systems,Committee on the Education and Utilization of the Engineer,Panel on Undergraduate Engineering Education

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Engineering Undergraduate Education

The Panel on Undergraduate Engineering Education prepared this report as part of the overall effort of the National Research Council's Committee on the Education and Utilization of the Engineer. The panel studied the academic preparation of engineers for practicing their profession. This document provides an analysis of the research done by the panel. Its findings and recommendations deal with: (1) "The Goals of Undergraduate Engineering Education"; (2) "Undergraduate Students"; (3) "Faculty"; (4) "The Curriculum"; (5) "The Role of Laboratory Instruction"; and (6) "The Two-Tiered System." The major conclusions of the study are described in the executive summary. (TW)

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102

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309036429

ISBN 13

9780309036429

Book's by Panel on Support Organizations for the Engineering Community

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