Panel on Scientific Responsibility and the Conduct of Research's Books

Responsible Science, Volume I

Ensuring the Integrity of the Research Process

By: Panel on Scientific Responsibility and the Conduct of Research,National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine,Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Sciences,National Academy of Engineering

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Responsible Science, Volume I

Ensuring the Integrity of the Research Process

Responsible Science is a comprehensive review of factors that influence the integrity of the research process. Volume I examines reports on the incidence of misconduct in science and reviews institutional and governmental efforts to handle cases of misconduct. The result of a two-year study by a panel of experts convened by the National Academy of Sciences, this book critically analyzes the impact of today's research environment on the traditional checks and balances that foster integrity in science. Responsible Science is a provocative examination of the role of educational efforts; research guidelines; and the contributions of individual scientists, mentors, and institutional officials in encouraging responsible research practices.

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184

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309047315

ISBN 13

9780309047319

Responsible Science

Ensuring the Integrity of the Research Process: Volume II

By: Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy,Panel on Scientific Responsibility and the Conduct of Research

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Responsible Science

Ensuring the Integrity of the Research Process: Volume II

Volume II of Responsible Science includes background papers and selected institutional reports, policies, and procedures that were used to develop Volume I. Topics discussed include traditions of mentorship in science; data handling practices in the biological sciences; academic policies and standards governing the conduct of research practices; congressional interest in issues of misconduct and integrity in science; the regulatory experience of human subjects research; and the roles of scientific and engineering societies in fostering research integrity. The panel also considers numerous institutional policy statements adopted by research universities and professional societies that address different aspects of misconduct or integrity in science. These statements have been selected to convey the diverse approaches for addressing such matters within research institutions.

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288

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309047889

ISBN 13

9780309047883

Responsible Science, Volume I:

Ensuring the Integrity of the Research Process

By: National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine,Panel on Scientific Responsibility and the Conduct of Research,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Institute of Medicine

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Responsible Science, Volume I:

Ensuring the Integrity of the Research Process

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224

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309045916

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9780309045919

Responsible Science

Ensuring the Integrity of the Research Process: Volume II

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Responsible Science

Ensuring the Integrity of the Research Process: Volume II

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288

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309047889

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9780309047883

Putting People on the Map

Protecting Confidentiality with Linked Social-Spatial Data

By: National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on the Human Dimensions of Global Change,Panel on Confidentiality Issues Arising from the Integration of Remotely Sensed and Self-Identifying Data

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Putting People on the Map

Protecting Confidentiality with Linked Social-Spatial Data

Precise, accurate spatial information linked to social and behavioral data is revolutionizing social science by opening new questions for investigation and improving understanding of human behavior in its environmental context. At the same time, precise spatial data make it more likely that individuals can be identified, breaching the promise of confidentiality made when the data were collected. Because norms of science and government agencies favor open access to all scientific data, the tension between the benefits of open access and the risks associated with potential breach of confidentiality pose significant challenges to researchers, research sponsors, scientific institutions, and data archivists. Putting People on the Map finds that several technical approaches for making data available while limiting risk have potential, but none is adequate on its own or in combination. This book offers recommendations for education, training, research, and practice to researchers, professional societies, federal agencies, institutional review boards, and data stewards.

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177

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309104149

ISBN 13

9780309104142

Information Technology and the Conduct of Research

The User's View

By: Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy,Panel on Information Technology and the Conduct of Research

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Information Technology and the Conduct of Research

The User's View

By: Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy,Panel on Information Technology and the Conduct of Research

Computers and telecommunications have revolutionized the processes of scientific research. How is this information technology being applied and what difficulties do scientists face in using information technology? How can these difficulties be overcome? Information Technology and the Conduct of Research answers these questions and presents a variety of helpful examples. The recommendations address the problems scientists experience in trying to gain the most benefit from information technology in scientific, engineering, and clinical research.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030903888X

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9780309038881

Climate Change 2021 – The Physical Science Basis

Working Group I Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

By: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

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Climate Change 2021 – The Physical Science Basis

Working Group I Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

By: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

The Working Group I contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides a comprehensive assessment of the physical science basis of climate change. It considers in situ and remote observations; paleoclimate information; understanding of climate drivers and physical, chemical, and biological processes and feedbacks; global and regional climate modelling; advances in methods of analyses; and insights from climate services. It assesses the current state of the climate; human influence on climate in all regions; future climate change including sea level rise; global warming effects including extremes; climate information for risk assessment and regional adaptation; limiting climate change by reaching net zero carbon dioxide emissions and reducing other greenhouse gas emissions; and benefits for air quality. The report serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with the latest policy-relevant information on climate change. Available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

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2410

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Cambridge University Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

1009175351

ISBN 13

9781009175357

Offspring

Human Fertility Behavior in Biodemographic Perspective

By: National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on Population,Panel for the Workshop on the Biodemography of Fertility and Family Behavior

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Offspring

Human Fertility Behavior in Biodemographic Perspective

By: National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on Population,Panel for the Workshop on the Biodemography of Fertility and Family Behavior

Despite recent advances in our understanding of the genetic basis of human behavior, little of this work has penetrated into formal demography. Very few demographers worry about how biological processes might affect voluntary behavior choices that have demographic consequences even though behavioral geneticists have documented genetics effects on variables such as parenting and divorce. Offspring: Human Fertility Behavior in Demographic Perspective brings together leading researchers from a wide variety of disciplines to review the state of research in this emerging field and to identify promising research directions for the future.

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399

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030908718X

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9780309087186

Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Fatigue, Long-Term Health, and Highway Safety

Research Needs

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Transportation Research Board,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Board on Human-Systems Integration,Committee on National Statistics,Panel on Research Methodologies and Statistical Approaches to Understanding Driver Fatigue Factors in Motor Carrier Safety and Driver Health

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Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Fatigue, Long-Term Health, and Highway Safety

Research Needs

There are approximately 4,000 fatalities in crashes involving trucks and buses in the United States each year. Though estimates are wide-ranging, possibly 10 to 20 percent of these crashes might have involved fatigued drivers. The stresses associated with their particular jobs (irregular schedules, etc.) and the lifestyle that many truck and bus drivers lead, puts them at substantial risk for insufficient sleep and for developing short- and long-term health problems. Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Fatigue, Long-Term Health and Highway Safety assesses the state of knowledge about the relationship of such factors as hours of driving, hours on duty, and periods of rest to the fatigue experienced by truck and bus drivers while driving and the implications for the safe operation of their vehicles. This report evaluates the relationship of these factors to drivers' health over the longer term, and identifies improvements in data and research methods that can lead to better understanding in both areas.

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273

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309392551

ISBN 13

9780309392556

Advancing the Science of Climate Change

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate,America's Climate Choices: Panel on Advancing the Science of Climate Change

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Advancing the Science of Climate Change

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate,America's Climate Choices: Panel on Advancing the Science of Climate Change

Climate change is occurring, is caused largely by human activities, and poses significant risks for-and in many cases is already affecting-a broad range of human and natural systems. The compelling case for these conclusions is provided in Advancing the Science of Climate Change, part of a congressionally requested suite of studies known as America's Climate Choices. While noting that there is always more to learn and that the scientific process is never closed, the book shows that hypotheses about climate change are supported by multiple lines of evidence and have stood firm in the face of serious debate and careful evaluation of alternative explanations. As decision makers respond to these risks, the nation's scientific enterprise can contribute through research that improves understanding of the causes and consequences of climate change and also is useful to decision makers at the local, regional, national, and international levels. The book identifies decisions being made in 12 sectors, ranging from agriculture to transportation, to identify decisions being made in response to climate change. Advancing the Science of Climate Change calls for a single federal entity or program to coordinate a national, multidisciplinary research effort aimed at improving both understanding and responses to climate change. Seven cross-cutting research themes are identified to support this scientific enterprise. In addition, leaders of federal climate research should redouble efforts to deploy a comprehensive climate observing system, improve climate models and other analytical tools, invest in human capital, and improve linkages between research and decisions by forming partnerships with action-oriented programs.

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526

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309145880

ISBN 13

9780309145886

Science and the Greater Everglades Ecosystem Restoration

An Assessment of the Critical Ecosystem Studies Initiative

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Water Science and Technology Board,Panel to Review the Critical Ecosystem Studies Initiative

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Science and the Greater Everglades Ecosystem Restoration

An Assessment of the Critical Ecosystem Studies Initiative

The report reviews a U.S. Department of the Interior research program, finding that it provides key information to support the restoration of the Florida Everglades and to better assess the impact of hydrologic change on the ecosystem. However, the program needs more funding, better management and broader distribution of its findings. The report suggests that strategic investments in Everglades research will increase the chances of reaching restoration goals while reducing overall costs.

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168

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309087287

ISBN 13

9780309087285

Nonresponse in Social Science Surveys

A Research Agenda

By: National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics,Panel on a Research Agenda for the Future of Social Science Data Collection

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Nonresponse in Social Science Surveys

A Research Agenda

By: National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics,Panel on a Research Agenda for the Future of Social Science Data Collection

For many household surveys in the United States, responses rates have been steadily declining for at least the past two decades. A similar decline in survey response can be observed in all wealthy countries. Efforts to raise response rates have used such strategies as monetary incentives or repeated attempts to contact sample members and obtain completed interviews, but these strategies increase the costs of surveys. This review addresses the core issues regarding survey nonresponse. It considers why response rates are declining and what that means for the accuracy of survey results. These trends are of particular concern for the social science community, which is heavily invested in obtaining information from household surveys. The evidence to date makes it apparent that current trends in nonresponse, if not arrested, threaten to undermine the potential of household surveys to elicit information that assists in understanding social and economic issues. The trends also threaten to weaken the validity of inferences drawn from estimates based on those surveys. High nonresponse rates create the potential or risk for bias in estimates and affect survey design, data collection, estimation, and analysis. The survey community is painfully aware of these trends and has responded aggressively to these threats. The interview modes employed by surveys in the public and private sectors have proliferated as new technologies and methods have emerged and matured. To the traditional trio of mail, telephone, and face-to-face surveys have been added interactive voice response (IVR), audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (ACASI), web surveys, and a number of hybrid methods. Similarly, a growing research agenda has emerged in the past decade or so focused on seeking solutions to various aspects of the problem of survey nonresponse; the potential solutions that have been considered range from better training and deployment of interviewers to more use of incentives, better use of the information collected in the data collection, and increased use of auxiliary information from other sources in survey design and data collection. Nonresponse in Social Science Surveys: A Research Agenda also documents the increased use of information collected in the survey process in nonresponse adjustment.

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167

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309272475

ISBN 13

9780309272476

China and Global Change

Opportunities for Collaboration

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Office of International Affairs,Panel on Global Climate Change Sciences in China

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China and Global Change

Opportunities for Collaboration

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Office of International Affairs,Panel on Global Climate Change Sciences in China

Given China's current and potential impacts on the global environment and the contributions Chinese science can make to global change research, China's full participation in international research programs dealing with global change is very important. This book provides insights into how research priorities are determined and detailed information about institutional infrastructure, human resources, and other factors that will constrain or facilitate Chinese responses to and research on global change issues. An overview of research relevant to the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program and the World Climate Research Program is presented. Additionally, research in certain areas of atmospheric chemistry and physical and ecological interactions of the atmosphere and land surface are explored in further detail.

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241

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309048419

ISBN 13

9780309048415

Informing an Effective Response to Climate Change

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate,America's Climate Choices: Panel on Informing Effective Decisions and Actions Related to Climate Change

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Informing an Effective Response to Climate Change

Global climate change is one of America's most significant long-term policy challenges. Human activity-especially the use of fossil fuels, industrial processes, livestock production, waste disposal, and land use change-is affecting global average temperatures, snow and ice cover, sea-level, ocean acidity, growing seasons and precipitation patterns, ecosystems, and human health. Climate-related decisions are being carried out by almost every agency of the federal government, as well as many state and local government leaders and agencies, businesses and individual citizens. Decision makers must contend with the availability and quality of information, the efficacy of proposed solutions, the unanticipated consequences resulting from decisions, the challenge of implementing chosen actions, and must consider how to sustain the action over time and respond to new information. Informing an Effective Response to Climate Change, a volume in the America's Climate Choices series, describes and assesses different activities, products, strategies, and tools for informing decision makers about climate change and helping them plan and execute effective, integrated responses. It discusses who is making decisions (on the local, state, and national levels), who should be providing information to make decisions, and how that information should be provided. It covers all levels of decision making, including international, state, and individual decision making. While most existing research has focused on the physical aspect of climate change, Informing an Effective Response to Climate Change employs theory and case study to describe the efforts undertaken so far, and to guide the development of future decision-making resources. Informing an Effective Response to Climate Change offers much-needed guidance to those creating public policy and assists in implementing that policy. The information presented in this book will be invaluable to the research community, especially social scientists studying climate change; practitioners of decision-making assistance, including advocacy organizations, non-profits, and government agencies; and college-level teachers and students.

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346

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309145945

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9780309145947

Protecting Participants and Facilitating Social and Behavioral Sciences Research

By: National Research Council,Division on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences,Committee on National Statistics,Panel on Institutional Review Boards, Surveys, and Social Science Research

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Protecting Participants and Facilitating Social and Behavioral Sciences Research

Institutional review boards (IRBs) are the linchpins of the protection systems that govern human participation in research. In recent years, high-profile cases have focused attention on the weaknesses of the procedures for protecting participants in medical research. The issues surrounding participants protection in the social, behavioral, and economic sciences may be less visible to the public eye, but they are no less important in ensuring ethical and responsible research. This report examines three key issues related to human participation in social, behavioral, and economic sciences research: (1) obtaining informed, voluntary consent from prospective participants: (2) guaranteeing the confidentiality of information collected from participants, which is a particularly challenging problem in social sciences research; and (3) using appropriate review procedures for "minimal-risk" research. Protecting Participants and Facilitating Social and Behavioral Sciences Research will be important to policy makers, research administrators, research sponsors, IRB members, and investigators. More generally, it contains important information for all who want to ensure the best protectionâ€"for participants and researchers alikeâ€"in the social, behavioral, and economic sciences.

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277

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309088526

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9780309088527

Responsible Science

Ensuring the Integrity of the Research Process: Volume II

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Responsible Science

Ensuring the Integrity of the Research Process: Volume II

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287

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309047889

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9780309047883

An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology

Fiscal Year 2011

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Laboratory Assessments Board,Panel on Nanoscale Science and Technology

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An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology

Fiscal Year 2011

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Laboratory Assessments Board,Panel on Nanoscale Science and Technology

Since 1959, the National Research Council (NRC), at the request of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), has annually assembled panels of experts to assess the quality and effectiveness of the NIST measurements and standards laboratories. In 2011, the NRC evaluated three of the six NIST laboratories: the Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST), the NIST Center for Neutron Research (NCNR) and the Information Technology Laboratory (ITL). Each of these was addressed individually by a separate panel of experts; this report assesses CNST.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309220076

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9780309220071

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