Prepared by the Panel on Outcome Measurement in Early Childhood Demonstration Programs, this report attempts (1) to characterize recent developments in programs and policies for children and families that challenge traditional approaches to evaluation, and (2) to trace the implications of these developments for outcome measurement and for the broader conduct of evaluation studies. The report is divided into two parts. Part I begins by tracing the historical evolution of demonstration programs and their evaluations from 1960 to the mid-1970s. Next, the policy issues and programs that have evolved in recent years and that appear to be salient for the 1980s are examined in detail. Some important implications of these programs and policy developments for outcome measurement and evaluation design are then identified. Finally, implications of the evaluation process for the dissemination and utilization of results, for the organization and conduct of applied research, and for the articulation between applied research and basic social science are pointed out. Part II includes six background papers which were prepared by the panel members together with outside consultants to facilitate the panel's discussion of the evaluation of children's programs. Each paper covers a specific type of program: health, day care, family service, preschool compensatory education programs, and programs for the handicapped. In addition, a paper on the communication and dissemination of the results of evaluations is included. (MP)
Prepared by the Panel on Outcome Measurement in Early Childhood Demonstration Programs, this report attempts (1) to characterize recent developments in programs and policies for children and families that challenge traditional approaches to evaluation, and (2) to trace the implications of these developments for outcome measurement and for the broader conduct of evaluation studies. The report is divided into two parts. Part I begins by tracing the historical evolution of demonstration programs and their evaluations from 1960 to the mid-1970s. Next, the policy issues and programs that have evolved in recent years and that appear to be salient for the 1980s are examined in detail. Some important implications of these programs and policy developments for outcome measurement and evaluation design are then identified. Finally, implications of the evaluation process for the dissemination and utilization of results, for the organization and conduct of applied research, and for the articulation between applied research and basic social science are pointed out. Part II includes six background papers which were prepared by the panel members together with outside consultants to facilitate the panel's discussion of the evaluation of children's programs. Each paper covers a specific type of program: health, day care, family service, preschool compensatory education programs, and programs for the handicapped. In addition, a paper on the communication and dissemination of the results of evaluations is included. (MP)
Few issues have aroused more heated public debate than that of day care for children of working parents. Who should be responsible for providing child careâ€"government, employers, schools, communities? What types of care are best? This volume explores the critical need for a more coherent policy on child care and offers recommendations for the actions needed to develop such a policy. Who Cares for America's Children? looks at the barriers to developing a national child care policy, evaluates the factors in child care that are most important to children's development, and examines ways of protecting children's physical well-being and fostering their development in child care settings. It also describes the "patchwork quilt" of child care services currently in use in America and the diversity of support programs available, such as referral services. Child care providers (whether government, employers, commercial for-profit, or not-for-profit), child care specialists, policymakers, researchers, and concerned parents will find this comprehensive volume an invaluable resource on child care in America.
More than 1 million teenage girls in the United States become pregnant each year; nearly half give birth. Why do these young people, who are hardly more than children themselves, become parents? This volume reviews in detail the trends in and consequences of teenage sexual behavior and offers thoughtful insights on the issues of sexual initiation, contraception, pregnancy, abortion, adoption, and the well-being of adolescent families. It provides a systematic assessment of the impact of various programmatic approaches, both preventive and ameliorative, in light of the growing scientific understanding of the topic.
By conservative estimates, more than 16,000 violent crimes are committed or attempted every day in the United States. Violence involves many factors and spurs many viewpoints, and this diversity impedes our efforts to make the nation safer. Now a landmark volume from the National Research Council presents the first comprehensive, readable synthesis of America's experience of violence-offering a fresh, interdisciplinary approach to understanding and preventing interpersonal violence and its consequences. Understanding and Preventing Violence provides the most complete, up-to-date responses available to these fundamental questions: How much violence occurs in America? How do different processes-biological, psychosocial, situational, and social-interact to determine violence levels? What preventive strategies are suggested by our current knowledge of violence? What are the most critical research needs? Understanding and Preventing Violence explores the complexity of violent behavior in our society and puts forth a new framework for analyzing risk factors for violent events. From this framework the authors identify a number of "triggering" events, situational elements, and predisposing factors to violence-as well as many promising approaches to intervention. Leading authorities explore such diverse but related topics as crime statistics; biological influences on violent behavior; the prison population explosion; developmental and public health perspectives on violence; violence in families; and the relationship between violence and race, ethnicity, poverty, guns, alcohol, and drugs. Using four case studies, the volume reports on the role of evaluation in violence prevention policy. It also assesses current federal support for violence research and offers specific science policy recommendations. This breakthrough book will be a key resource for policymakers in criminal and juvenile justice, law enforcement authorities, criminologists, psychologists, sociologists, public health professionals, researchers, faculty, students, and anyone interested in understanding and preventing violence.
The document contains the final report of a project to determine the factors that account for disproportionate representation of minority students in special education programs, especially programs for mentally retarded students; and to identify placement criteria for practices that do not affect minority students disproportionately. Chapter 1 looks at six potential causes of disproportionate placement of minorities in educable mentally retarded (EMR) programs: legal and administrative requirements, characteristics of students, quality of the instruction received, possible biases in the assessment process, characteristics of the home and family environment, and broader historical and cultural contexts. Chapter 2 describes characteristics of EMR students, then reviews the historical origins of special education in America with attention to the role of the standardized intelligence test for identification and placement of mentally retarded students. A third chapter is split into two sections--one on the issues surrounding the instruments that comprise a comprehensive battery for assessing a child who is unable to learn normally in the classroom, and the other on an ideal assessment process in which the comprehensive assessment would be embedded. Chapter 4 considers the components of effective education programs for EMR students and reviews three approaches to instruction (the separate class structure, the resource room, and the teacher consultant model). A final chapter lists recommendations for improvements in special education referral, assessment, and placement procedures and instructional practices. More than half the document is comprised of six background papers with the following titles and authors: "Biological and Social Factors Contributing to Mild Mental Retardation" (J. Shonkoff); "Classifying Mentally Retarded Students--A Review of Placement Practices in Special Education" (W. Bickel); "Testing in Educational Placement--Issues and Evidence" (J. Travers); "Effects of Special Education Placement on Educable Mentally Retarded Children" (K. Heller); "Some Potential Incentives of Special Education Funding Practices" (S. Magnetti); and "Patterns in Special Education Placement as Revealed by the OCR Survey" (J. Finn). (SB)
For the first time, a report focuses specifically on middle childhoodâ€"a discrete, pivotal period of development. In this review of research, experts examine the physical health and cognitive development of 6- to 12-year-old children as well as their surroundings: school and home environment, ecocultural setting, and family and peer relationships.
Every year roughly 100,000 fatal and injury crashes occur in the United States involving large trucks and buses. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) in the U.S. Department of Transportation works to reduce crashes, injuries, and fatalities involving large trucks and buses. FMCSA uses information that is collected on the frequency of approximately 900 different violations of safety regulations discovered during (mainly) roadside inspections to assess motor carriers' compliance with Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations, as well as to evaluate their compliance in comparison with their peers. Through use of this information, FMCSA's Safety Measurement System (SMS) identifies carriers to receive its available interventions in order to reduce the risk of crashes across all carriers. Improving Motor Carrier Safety Measurement examines the effectiveness of the use of the percentile ranks produced by SMS for identifying high-risk carriers, and if not, what alternatives might be preferred. In addition, this report evaluates the accuracy and sufficiency of the data used by SMS, to assess whether other approaches to identifying unsafe carriers would identify high-risk carriers more effectively, and to reflect on how members of the public use the SMS and what effect making the SMS information public has had on reducing crashes.
The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996 fundamentally changed the nation's social welfare system, replacing a federal entitlement program for low-income families, called Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), with state-administered block grants, the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program. PRWORA furthered a trend started earlier in the decade under so called "waiver" programs-state experiments with different types of AFDC rules-toward devolution of design and control of social welfare programs from the federal government to the states. The legislation imposed several new, major requirements on state use of federal welfare funds but otherwise freed states to reconfigure their programs as they want. The underlying goal of the legislation is to decrease dependence on welfare and increase the self-sufficiency of poor families in the United States. In summer 1998, the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) of the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) asked the Committee on National Statistics of the National Research Council to convene a Panel on Data and Methods for Measuring the Effects of Changes in Social Welfare Programs. The panel's overall charge is to study and make recommendations on the best strategies for evaluating the effects of PRWORA and other welfare reforms and to make recommendations on data needs for conducting useful evaluations. This interim report presents the panel's initial conclusions and recommendations. Given the short length of time the panel has been in existence, this report necessarily treats many issues in much less depth than they will be treated in the final report. The report has an immediate short-run goal of providing DHHS-ASPE with recommendations regarding some of its current projects, particularly those recently funded to study "welfare leavers"-former welfare recipients who have left the welfare rolls as part of the recent decline in welfare caseloads.
Reform of welfare is one of the nation's most contentious issues, with debate often driven more by politics than by facts and careful analysis. Evaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition identifies the key policy questions for measuring whether our changing social welfare programs are working, reviews the available studies and research, and recommends the most effective ways to answer those questions. This book discusses the development of welfare policy, including the landmark 1996 federal law that devolved most of the responsibility for welfare policies and their implementation to the states. A thorough analysis of the available research leads to the identification of gaps in what is currently known about the effects of welfare reform. Evaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition specifies what-and why-we need to know about the response of individual states to the federal overhaul of welfare and the effects of the many changes in the nation's welfare laws, policies, and practices. With a clear approach to a variety of issues, Evaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition will be important to policy makers, welfare administrators, researchers, journalists, and advocates on all sides of the issue.
There is growing interest in using performance measurement as a means of holding federal, state, and local health agencies accountable for their use of public funds. Health Performance Measurement in the Public Sector is the second of two books for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services on using and improving performance measurement in publicly funded health programs and the implications for data needs and systems. This book focuses on data and information system issues at the federal, state, and local levels. Recommendations address: Policy framework for selecting performance measures and using performance measurement. Operational principles related to data and data systems that support performance measurement. Essential investments in data systems and in training and technical assistance. Research needed to improve performance measures and performance measurement.
Beginning in 2006, the Census Bureau embarked on a program to reengineer the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) to reduce its costs and improve data quality and timeliness. The Bureau also requested the National Academies to consider the advantages and disadvantages of strategies for linking administrative records and survey data, taking account of the accessibility of relevant administrative records, the operational feasibility of linking, the quality and usefulness of the linked data, and the ability to provide access to the linked data while protecting the confidentiality of individual respondents. In response, this volume first examines the history of SIPP and reviews the survey's purpose, value, strengths, and weaknesses. The book examines alternative uses of administrative records in a reengineered SIPP and, finally, considers innovations in SIPP design and data collection, including the proposed use of annual interviews with an event history calendar.
This book reports on research on and experience with needle exchange and bleach distribution programs and their effects on rates of drug use, the behavior of injection drug users, and the spread of HIV and other infectious diseases among injection drug users. It discusses U.S. needle exchange data, international evaluations of needle exchange programs, legal issues and drug paraphernalia laws, evaluation methods, and bleach distribution programs.
This volume, a companion to Evaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition, is a collection of papers on data collection issues for welfare and low-income populations. The papers on survey issues cover methods for designing surveys taking into account nonresponse in advance, obtaining high response rates in telephone surveys, obtaining high response rates in in-person surveys, the effects of incentive payments, methods for adjusting for missing data in surveys of low-income populations, and measurement error issues in surveys, with a special focus on recall error. The papers on administrative data cover the issues of matching and cleaning, access and confidentiality, problems in measuring employment and income, and the availability of data on children. The papers on welfare leavers and welfare dynamics cover a comparison of existing welfare leaver studies, data from the state of Wisconsin on welfare leavers, and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth used to construct measures of heterogeneity in the welfare population based on the recipient's own welfare experience. A final paper discusses qualitative data.
This report of the Panel of Continuing Education was prepared as part of the study on engineering education and practice in the United States that was conducted under the guidance of the National Research Council's Committee on the Education and Utilization of the Engineer. The report deals with: (1) "Participation in Continuing Education--The Engineer's Perspective"; (2) "The Role of Industry"; (3) "The Role of the University"; (4) "The Role of Professional Societies"; (5) "The Role of Proprietary Schools"; and (6) "The Role of Government." A reference list and bibliography are included, along with appendices which address a pilot study for a study of policymakers' attitudes toward continuing education, a list of 1984 continuing education programs of technical societies, and a professional society survey. (TW)
The diverse research on the patterns and characteristics of violent behavior in the United States is assessed by a panel of experts in this monograph. The monograph describes what is known about certain types of violence, details insights into risk factors for violence in individuals and situations, and recommends new research efforts with short- and long-term outcomes. Part I focuses on violent human behavior. It includes chapters on the diversity of violent human behavior and patterns of violence in American society. Part II focuses on understanding violence. It includes chapters on the perspectives on violence; alcohol, other psychoactive drugs, and violence; violence in families; and firearms and violence. Part III focuses on harnessing understanding to improve control. It includes chapters on expanding the limits of understanding and control and recommendations for understanding and controlling violent human behavior. References are included with each chapter. Tables, graphs, and references are included throughout the monograph. The appendices include articles on the development of an individual potential for violence and measuring and counting violent crimes and their consequences. Biographies of members of the panel of experts are included. (ABL)
This volume addresses the interface of two major national problems: the epidemic of HIV-AIDS and the widespread use of illegal injection drugs. Should communities have the option of giving drug users sterile needles or bleach for cleaning needs in order to reduce the spread of HIV? Does needle distribution worsen the drug problem, as opponents of such programs argue? Do they reduce the spread of other serious diseases, such as hepatitis? Do they result in more used needles being carelessly discarded in the community? The panel takes a critical look at the available data on needle exchange and bleach distribution programs, reaches conclusions about their efficacy, and offers concrete recommendations for public policy to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS. The book includes current knowledge about the epidemiologies of HIV/AIDS and injection drug use; characteristics of needle exchange and bleach distribution programs and views on those programs from diverse community groups; and a discussion of laws designed to control possession of needles, their impact on needle sharing among injection drug users, and their implications for needle exchange programs.
This latest Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) will again form the standard reference for all those concerned with climate change and its consequences, including students, researchers and policy makers in environmental science, meteorology, climatology, biology, ecology, atmospheric chemistry and environmental policy.
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