Panel on Engineering Interactions With Society's Books

Engineering in Society

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems,Committee on the Education and Utilization of the Engineer,Panel on Engineering Interactions With Society

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The National Research Council's Panel on Engineering Interactions with Society was formed to examine the functioning of the engineering profession in the context of, and in relation to, American society. This document presents the findings of the panel. The panel's inquiry was twofold. First, it examined the impact that engineering and technology development has had on the nation, including the impact on societal demands, values, and perceptions on engineering. Next, the panel attempted to assess the structure and development of the engineering profession, and the adaptability of the profession in meeting current and future national needs. Chapters in the document deal with: (1) the evolution of American engineering; (2) the present era (managing change in the information age); (3) engineering and social dynamics; (4) maintaining flexibility in an age of stress and rapid change; and (5) conclusions and recommendations. Appendices include 23 references and a 16-item bibliography, along with an article prepared by Arthur L. Donovan, entitled "Engineering in an Increasingly Complex Society: Historical Perspectives on Education, Practice, and Adaptation in American Engineering." (TW)

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145

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309035929

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9780309035927

Support Organizations for the Engineering Community

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Support Organizations for the Engineering Community

This report summarizes the results of the work of the Panel on Support Organizations for the Engineering Community, which was one of the subcommittees of the National Research Council's Committee on the Education and Utilization of the Engineer. The panel found that many engineering support needs were common to all of the sectors investigated and, in a number of instances, the support mechanisms themselves were also common. The sectors studied included academia, government, industry, private practice, and the society at large. Some of the common needs and concerns addressed by this document are: (1) technical competence; (2) information exchange; (3) professional development; and (4) professional standards. The appendices include a discussion of public information and media outreach activities, and a survey of journalists' perceptions of engineers, physicians, and scientists. (TW)

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ISBN 10

0309036291

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9780309036290

Engineering Infrastructure Diagramming and Modeling

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Engineering Infrastructure Diagramming and Modeling

This report forms an integral part of a study conducted by the Committee on the Education and Utilization of the Engineer, under the auspices of the National Research Council. Five major tasks undertaken by the panel were: (1) defining engineering; (2) determining influences on the engineering community, including external influences and internal factors; (3) developing schematic flow diagrams that include the major sources, flows, and activities of the engineering community; (4) developing and describing a first-order model of the engineering community; and (5) providing an overview and assessment of 14 data bases used in the development of the diagram and model. "The Definition of Engineering and of Engineers in Historical Context"; "Trends in Engineering Enrollments and Degrees Granted"; and "Flow Diagrams" are provided in the appendices. (YP)

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156

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309036399

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9780309036399

Communicating Science and Engineering Data in the Information Age

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics,Panel on Communicating National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Information to Data Users

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Communicating Science and Engineering Data in the Information Age

The National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES) of the National Science Foundation (NSF) communicates its science and engineering (S&E) information to data users in a very fluid environment that is undergoing modernization at a pace at which data producer dissemination practices, protocols, and technologies, on one hand, and user demands and capabilities, on the other, are changing faster than the agency has been able to accommodate. NCSES asked the Committee on National Statistics and the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board of the National Research Council to form a panel to review the NCSES communication and dissemination program that is concerned with the collection and distribution of information on science and engineering and to recommend future directions for the program. Communicating Science and Engineering Data in the Information Age includes recommendations to improve NCSES's dissemination program and improve data user engagement. This report includes recommendations such as NCSES's transition to a dissemination framework that emphasizes database management rather than data presentation, and that NCSES analyze the results of its initial online consumer survey and refine it over time. The implementation of the report's recommendations should be undertaken within an overall framework that accords priority to the basic quality of the data and the fundamentals of dissemination, then to significant enhancements that are achievable in the short term, while laying the groundwork for other long-term improvements.

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122

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309222095

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9780309222099

Science and Engineering Programs

On Target for Women?

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine,Ad Hoc Panel on Interventions,Committee on Women in Science and Engineering

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Science and Engineering Programs

On Target for Women?

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine,Ad Hoc Panel on Interventions,Committee on Women in Science and Engineering

Based primarily on a conference, this book examines the need for interventions to increase the number of U.S. students, both males and females, pursuing careers in the sciences and engineering and describes interventions supported by the private and public sectors at the undergraduate and graduate levels of education. The individually authored chapters also describe actions taken by employers of scientists and engineers to retain their technical work force.

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ISBN 10

0309047781

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9780309047784

Proceedings of the Materials Forum 2007

Corrosion Education for the 21st Century

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Materials Advisory Board,Corrosion Education Workshop Organizing Panel

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Proceedings of the Materials Forum 2007

Corrosion Education for the 21st Century

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Materials Advisory Board,Corrosion Education Workshop Organizing Panel

The U.S. industrial complex and its associated infrastructure are essential to the nation's quality of life, its industrial productivity, international competitiveness, and security. Each component of the infrastructure-such as highways, airports, water supply, waste treatment, energy supply, and power generation-represents a complex system requiring significant investment. Within that infrastructure both the private and government sectors have equipment and facilities that are subject to degradation by corrosion, which significantly reduces the lifetime, reliability, and functionality of structures and equipment, while also threatening human safety. The direct costs of corrosion to the U.S. economy represent 3.2 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP), and the total costs to society can be twice that or greater. Opportunities for savings through improved corrosion control exist in every economic sector. The workshop, Corrosion Education for the 21st Century, brought together corrosion specialists, leaders in materials and engineering education, government officials, and other interested parties. The workshop was also attended by members of NRC's Committee on Assessing Corrosion Education, who are carrying out a study on this topic. The workshop panelists and speakers were asked to give their personal perspectives on whether corrosion abatement is adequately addressed in our nation's engineering curricula and, if not, what issues need to be addressed to develop a comprehensive corrosion curriculum in undergraduate engineering. This proceedings consists of extended abstracts from the workshop's speakers that reflect their personal views as presented to the meeting. Proceedings of the Materials Forum 2007: Corrosion Education for the 21st Century summarizes this form.

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0309108934

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9780309108935

Engineering Undergraduate Education

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems,Commission on Education and Technical Systems,Committee on the Education and Utilization of the Engineer,Panel on Undergraduate Engineering Education

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Engineering Undergraduate Education

The Panel on Undergraduate Engineering Education prepared this report as part of the overall effort of the National Research Council's Committee on the Education and Utilization of the Engineer. The panel studied the academic preparation of engineers for practicing their profession. This document provides an analysis of the research done by the panel. Its findings and recommendations deal with: (1) "The Goals of Undergraduate Engineering Education"; (2) "Undergraduate Students"; (3) "Faculty"; (4) "The Curriculum"; (5) "The Role of Laboratory Instruction"; and (6) "The Two-Tiered System." The major conclusions of the study are described in the executive summary. (TW)

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102

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309036429

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9780309036429

Improving Measures of Science, Technology, and Innovation

Interim Report

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Affairs,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics,Panel on Developing Science, Technology, and Innovation Indicators for the Future

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Improving Measures of Science, Technology, and Innovation

Interim Report

The National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES), at the U.S. National Foundation, is 1 of 14 major statistical agencies in the federal government, of which at least 5 collect relevant information on science, technology, and innovation activities in the United States and abroad. The America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010 expanded and codified NCSES's role as a U.S. federal statistical agency. Important aspects of the agency's mandate include collection, acquisition, analysis, and reporting and dissemination of data on research and development trends, on U.S. competitiveness in science, technology, and research and development, and on the condition and progress of U.S. science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. Improving Measures of Science, Technology and Innovation: Interim Report examines the status of the NCSES's science, technology, and innovation (STI) indicators. This report assesses and provides recommendations regarding the need for revised, refocused, and newly developed indicators designed to better reflect fundamental and rapid changes that are reshaping global science, technology and innovation systems. The book also determines the international scope of STI indicators and the need for developing new indicators that measure developments in innovative activities in the United States and abroad, and Offers foresight on the types of data, metrics and indicators that will be particularly influential in evidentiary policy decision-making for years to come. In carrying out its charge, the authoring panel undertook a broad and comprehensive review of STI indicators from different countries, including Japan, China, India and several countries in Europe, Latin America and Africa. Improving Measures of Science, Technology, and Innovation makes recommendations for near-term action by NCSES along two dimensions: (1) development of new policy-relevant indicators that are based on NCSES survey data or on data collections at other statistical agencies; and (2) exploration of new data extraction and management tools for generating statistics, using automated methods of harvesting unstructured or scientometric data and data derived from administrative records.

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0309253926

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9780309253925

The Integration of Immigrants into American Society

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on Population,Panel on the Integration of Immigrants into American Society

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The Integration of Immigrants into American Society

The United States prides itself on being a nation of immigrants, and the country has a long history of successfully absorbing people from across the globe. The integration of immigrants and their children contributes to our economic vitality and our vibrant and ever changing culture. We have offered opportunities to immigrants and their children to better themselves and to be fully incorporated into our society and in exchange immigrants have become Americans - embracing an American identity and citizenship, protecting our country through service in our military, fostering technological innovation, harvesting its crops, and enriching everything from the nation's cuisine to its universities, music, and art. Today, the 41 million immigrants in the United States represent 13.1 percent of the U.S. population. The U.S.-born children of immigrants, the second generation, represent another 37.1 million people, or 12 percent of the population. Thus, together the first and second generations account for one out of four members of the U.S. population. Whether they are successfully integrating is therefore a pressing and important question. Are new immigrants and their children being well integrated into American society, within and across generations? Do current policies and practices facilitate their integration? How is American society being transformed by the millions of immigrants who have arrived in recent decades? To answer these questions, this new report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine summarizes what we know about how immigrants and their descendants are integrating into American society in a range of areas such as education, occupations, health, and language.

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459

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0309373980

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9780309373982

An Assessment of the Smart Manufacturing Activities at the National Institute of Standards and Technology Engineering Laboratory

Fiscal Year 2017

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Laboratory Assessments Board,Committee on NIST Technical Programs,Panel on Review of the Engineering Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology

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An Assessment of the Smart Manufacturing Activities at the National Institute of Standards and Technology Engineering Laboratory

Fiscal Year 2017

The mission of the Engineering Laboratory (EL) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is to "promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology for engineered systems in ways that enhance economic security and improve quality of life." To support this mission the EL has developed thrusts in smart manufacturing, construction, and cyberphysical systems; in sustainable and energy-efficient manufacturing materials and infrastructure; and in disaster-resilient buildings, infrastructure, and communities. The technical work of the EL is performed in five divisions - Intelligent Systems, Materials and Structural Systems, Energy and Environment, Systems Integration, and Fire Research - and in two offices - the Applied Economics Office and the Smart Grid Program Office. At the request of the acting director of NIST, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine assesses the scientific and technical work performed by the NIST Engineering Laboratory (EL). This publication reviews technical reports and technical program descriptions prepared by NIST staff summarizes the findings of the authoring panel.

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030946952X

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9780309469524

Engineering Graduate Education and Research

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Engineering Graduate Education and Research

The current state of engineering graduate study in the United States, its future, and its relationship to research are examined in this report of the National Research Council Committee on the Education and Utilization of the Engineer. The study focuses principally on increasing the supply of highly qualified doctoral recipients who are United States citizens particularly with respect to academic employment. It also gives attention to the importance of master's level work and to the need for access to part-time programs for engineers who are employed full time. Report sections include: (1) an executive summary; (2) the background (reviewing previous reports and studies in engineering education); (3) supply and demand (providing data on the supply of Ph.D.s and recommendations for increasing the supply); (4) women and minorities in engineering (examining representation patterns); (5) master's degree (presenting findings and recommendations); (6) doctor's degree (with findings and recommendations); (7) nontraditional graduate programs (analyzing existing approaches); (8) engineering faculty (addressing needs for faculty development); and (9) university-industry interactions (discussing conflicting and complementary interests). A list of 66 reference notes is included. (ML)

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131

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ISBN 10

030903549X

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9780309035491

Earthquake Engineering for Concrete Dams

Design, Performance, and Research Needs

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems,Division of Natural Hazard Mitigation,Committee on Earthquake Engineering,Panel on Earthquake Engineering for Concrete Dams

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Earthquake Engineering for Concrete Dams

Design, Performance, and Research Needs

The hazard posed by large dams has long been known. Although no concrete dam has failed as a result of earthquake activity, there have been instances of significant damage. Concerns about the seismic safety of concrete dams have been growing recently because the population at risk in locations downstream of major dams continues to expand and because the seismic design concepts in use at the time most existing dams were built were inadequate. In this book, the committee evaluates current knowledge about the earthquake performance of concrete dams, including procedures for investigating the seismic safety of such structures. Earthquake Engineering for Concrete Dams specifically informs researchers about state-of-the-art earthquake analysis of concrete dams and identifies subject areas where additional knowledge is needed.

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154

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ISBN 10

0309043360

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9780309043366

The Future of Air Traffic Control

Human Operators and Automation

By: Panel on Human Factors in Air Traffic Control Automation,Board on Human-Systems Integration,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,National Research Council

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The Future of Air Traffic Control

Human Operators and Automation

By: Panel on Human Factors in Air Traffic Control Automation,Board on Human-Systems Integration,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,National Research Council

Automation in air traffic control may increase efficiency, but it also raises questions about adequate human control over automated systems. Following on the panel's first volume on air traffic control automation, Flight to the Future (NRC, 1997), this book focuses on the interaction of pilots and air traffic controllers, with a growing network of automated functions in the airspace system. The panel offers recommendations for development of human-centered automation, addressing key areas such as providing levels of automation that are appropriate to levels of risk, examining procedures for recovery from emergencies, free flight versus ground-based authority, and more. The book explores ways in which technology can build on human strengths and compensate for human vulnerabilities, minimizing both mistrust of automation and complacency about its abilities. The panel presents an overview of emerging technologies and trends toward automation within the national airspace system--in areas such as global positioning and other aspects of surveillance, flight information provided to pilots an controllers, collision avoidance, strategic long-term planning, and systems for training and maintenance. The book examines how to achieve better integration of research and development, including the importance of user involvement in air traffic control. It also discusses how to harmonize the wide range of functions in the national airspace system, with a detailed review of the free flight initiative.

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343

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309517567

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9780309517560

Quantitative Modeling of Human Performance in Complex, Dynamic Systems

By: National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Board on Human-Systems Integration,Committee on Human Factors,Panel on Human Performance Modeling

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Quantitative Modeling of Human Performance in Complex, Dynamic Systems

By: National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Board on Human-Systems Integration,Committee on Human Factors,Panel on Human Performance Modeling

This book describes and evaluates existing models of human performance and their use in the design and evaluation of new human-technology systems. Its primary focus is on the modeling of system operators who perform supervisory and manual control tasks. After an introduction on human performance modeling, the book describes information processing, control theory, task network, and knowledge-based models. It explains models of human performance in aircraft operations, nuclear power plant control, maintenance, and the supervisory control of process control systems, such as oil refineries. The book concludes with a discussion of model parameterization and validation and recommends a number of lines of research needed to strengthen model development and application.

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108

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030904135X

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9780309041355

Meeting U.S. Energy Resource Needs

The Energy Resources Program of the U.S. Geological Survey

By: Panel to Review the U.S. Geological Survey's Energy Resources Program,Committee on Earth Resources,National Research Council

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Meeting U.S. Energy Resource Needs

The Energy Resources Program of the U.S. Geological Survey

By: Panel to Review the U.S. Geological Survey's Energy Resources Program,Committee on Earth Resources,National Research Council

This study was undertaken in recognition of the critical role played by the Energy Resources Program (ERP) of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in the energy future of the United States. The ERP performs fundamental research to understand the origin and recoverability of fossil energy resources and conducts assessments of their future availability. The ERP also provides information and expertise on environmental effects.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309524865

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9780309524865

Electricity from Renewable Resources

Status, Prospects, and Impediments

By: National Research Council,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,America's Energy Future Panel on Electricity from Renewable Resources

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Electricity from Renewable Resources

Status, Prospects, and Impediments

By: National Research Council,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,America's Energy Future Panel on Electricity from Renewable Resources

A component in the America's Energy Future study, Electricity from Renewable Resources examines the technical potential for electric power generation with alternative sources such as wind, solar-photovoltaic, geothermal, solar-thermal, hydroelectric, and other renewable sources. The book focuses on those renewable sources that show the most promise for initial commercial deployment within 10 years and will lead to a substantial impact on the U.S. energy system. A quantitative characterization of technologies, this book lays out expectations of costs, performance, and impacts, as well as barriers and research and development needs. In addition to a principal focus on renewable energy technologies for power generation, the book addresses the challenges of incorporating such technologies into the power grid, as well as potential improvements in the national electricity grid that could enable better and more extensive utilization of wind, solar-thermal, solar photovoltaics, and other renewable technologies.

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386

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030913708X

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9780309137089

A Review of the Draft 2013 National Climate Assessment

By: National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Board on Environmental Change and Society,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Atmospheric Studies and Climate,Panel to Review the National Climate Assessment

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A Review of the Draft 2013 National Climate Assessment

As mandated by the Global Change Research Act (GCRA), the U.S. Global Change Research Program is currently producing a "National Climate Assessment" (NCA). The NCA is a report to inform the President, the Congress, and the American people about the current state of scientific knowledge regarding climate change effects on U.S. regions and key sectors, now and in the coming decades. This document contains an evaluation of the draft NCA report, presented through consensus responses to the Panel's Task Statement questions, and through a large collection of individual Panel member comments and suggestions for specific chapters, statements, figures, etc. While focusing primarily on practical suggestions for immediately improving the current draft, the Panel also raises some broader considerations about fundamental approaches used in certain parts of the NCA report, and about the scope of USGCRP research that underlies the NCA findings. Some suggestions can be viewed as longer-term advice for future versions of NCA work. This NCA has been a significantly more ambitious effort than previous assessments, in terms of the scope of topics addressed and the breadth of public engagement processes involved. Some of the important new areas include the use of "traceable accounts," the articulation of needs for future research and a vision for an ongoing assessment process, the outreach efforts to help various stakeholders define their climate-related information needs, and the initial (though incomplete) effort to assess the current state of climate change response activities around the nation. Given the current state of the science and the scope of resources available, we believe the NCA did a reasonable job of fulfilling its charge overall. Although more needs to be done to fully meet the nation's needs for information and guidance, such needs cannot be met without an expanded research effort on the part of the USGCRP and future assessments. The Panel suggests that the NCA report would be improved by addressing the numerous specific problems and concerns and the more cross-cutting issues raised in the consensus answers to the Task Statement questions-which include, for instance, the need to: 1. provide a clear overarching framework for the report that helps readers understand climate change as part of a complex system with interacting physical, biological, and human social/economic dimensions, and offers practical guidance on using iterative risk management strategies to make decisions in the face of large uncertainties; 2. clearly acknowledge how climate change affects and is affected by other types of major global environmental changes and other societal developments; 3. offer an explicit discussion about the uncertainties associated with the regional model projections presented in the NCA draft; 4. take full advantage of the e-book format planned for this document through strategic use of hyperlinks among different parts of the report and other innovative approaches that help guide the experience of the NCA's diverse audiences. As the nation continues to engage with the threats, opportunities, and surprises of climate change in its many manifestations, the 2013 NCA should prove to be a valuable resource, as a summary of the state of knowledge about climate change and its implications for the American people.

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131

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ISBN 10

0309284724

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9780309284721

Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior

Application to Military Simulations

By: Panel on Modeling Human Behavior and Command Decision Making: Representations for Military Simulations,Board on Human-Systems Integration,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,National Research Council

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Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior

Application to Military Simulations

Simulations are widely used in the military for training personnel, analyzing proposed equipment, and rehearsing missions, and these simulations need realistic models of human behavior. This book draws together a wide variety of theoretical and applied research in human behavior modeling that can be considered for use in those simulations. It covers behavior at the individual, unit, and command level. At the individual soldier level, the topics covered include attention, learning, memory, decisionmaking, perception, situation awareness, and planning. At the unit level, the focus is on command and control. The book provides short-, medium-, and long-term goals for research and development of more realistic models of human behavior.

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433

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309523893

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9780309523899

Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming

Mitigation, Adaptation, and the Science Base

By: National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Policy and Global Affairs,Institute of Medicine,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy,Panel on Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming

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Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming

Mitigation, Adaptation, and the Science Base

Global warming continues to gain importance on the international agenda and calls for action are heightening. Yet, there is still controversy over what must be done and what is needed to proceed. Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming describes the information necessary to make decisions about global warming resulting from atmospheric releases of radiatively active trace gases. The conclusions and recommendations include some unexpected results. The distinguished authoring committee provides specific advice for U.S. policy and addresses the need for an international response to potential greenhouse warming. It offers a realistic view of gaps in the scientific understanding of greenhouse warming and how much effort and expense might be required to produce definitive answers. The book presents methods for assessing options to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, offset emissions, and assist humans and unmanaged systems of plants and animals to adjust to the consequences of global warming.

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945

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309043867

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9780309043861

The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics,Panel on the Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration

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The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration

The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration finds that the long-term impact of immigration on the wages and employment of native-born workers overall is very small, and that any negative impacts are most likely to be found for prior immigrants or native-born high school dropouts. First-generation immigrants are more costly to governments than are the native-born, but the second generation are among the strongest fiscal and economic contributors in the U.S. This report concludes that immigration has an overall positive impact on long-run economic growth in the U.S. More than 40 million people living in the United States were born in other countries, and almost an equal number have at least one foreign-born parent. Together, the first generation (foreign-born) and second generation (children of the foreign-born) comprise almost one in four Americans. It comes as little surprise, then, that many U.S. residents view immigration as a major policy issue facing the nation. Not only does immigration affect the environment in which everyone lives, learns, and works, but it also interacts with nearly every policy area of concern, from jobs and the economy, education, and health care, to federal, state, and local government budgets. The changing patterns of immigration and the evolving consequences for American society, institutions, and the economy continue to fuel public policy debate that plays out at the national, state, and local levels. The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration assesses the impact of dynamic immigration processes on economic and fiscal outcomes for the United States, a major destination of world population movements. This report will be a fundamental resource for policy makers and law makers at the federal, state, and local levels but extends to the general public, nongovernmental organizations, the business community, educational institutions, and the research community.

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643

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309444489

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9780309444484

Plasma Science

From Fundamental Research to Technological Applications

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Physics and Astronomy,Plasma Science Committee,Panel on Opportunities in Plasma Science and Technology

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Plasma Science

From Fundamental Research to Technological Applications

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Physics and Astronomy,Plasma Science Committee,Panel on Opportunities in Plasma Science and Technology

Plasma science is the study of ionized states of matter. This book discusses the field's potential contributions to society and recommends actions that would optimize those contributions. It includes an assessment of the field's scientific and technological status as well as a discussion of broad themes such as fundamental plasma experiments, theoretical and computational plasma research, and plasma science education.

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231

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309176387

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9780309176385

Conceptual Models of Flow and Transport in the Fractured Vadose Zone

By: National Research Council,Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,U.S. National Committee for Rock Mechanics,Panel on Conceptual Models of Flow and Transport in the Fractured Vadose Zone

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Conceptual Models of Flow and Transport in the Fractured Vadose Zone

Fluid flow and solute transport within the vadose zone, the unsaturated zone between the land surface and the water table, can be the cause of expanded plumes arising from localized contaminant sources. An understanding of vadose zone processes is, therefore, an essential prerequisite for cost-effective contaminant remediation efforts. In addition, because such features are potential avenues for rapid transport of chemicals from contamination sources to the water table, the presence of fractures and other channel-like openings in the vadose zone poses a particularly significant problem, Conceptual Models of Flow and Transport in the Fractured Vadose Zone is based on the work of a panel established under the auspices of the U.S. National Committee for Rock Mechanics. It emphasizes the importance of conceptual models and goes on to review the conceptual model development, testing, and refinement processes. The book examines fluid flow and transport mechanisms, noting the difficulty of modeling solute transport, and identifies geochemical and environmental tracer data as important components of the modeling process. Finally, the book recommends several areas for continued research.

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Page Count

399

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309073022

ISBN 13

9780309073028

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