A pesar de que los procesos de deslocalización (offshoring) no son un fenómeno del todo nuevo, la forma en que se llevan a cabo sí que lo es. El objetivo de este libro es ayudar a los directivos de empresa a tratar con los retos organizativos derivados del auge de la deslocalización que ahora nos espera.En vista de las dificultades de obtener un índice o medida directa sobre la deslocalización, de la heterogeneidad de las fuentes disponibles, y de la falta de consenso en torno a la terminología utilizada, este estudio se basa en gran medida en los datos recientes de la OCDE y la ORN (una red de investigación a la que pertenecen los autores), así como en informes sobre la inversión extranjera directa. El estudio se ofrece como una guía a los tres grandes grupos de interés implicados. En primer lugar, advierte a los gobiernos de no obstaculizar "el proceso económico natural" que el fenómeno significa. En segundo lugar, aconseja a las empresas a visualizar a la deslocalización como una parte integral de la estrategia global. Y en tercer lugar, resalta la necesidad de flexibilidad y formación para aquellos trabajadores que han podido verse afectados por el fenómeno de la deslocalización.Este libro se dirige fundamentalmente a aquellos investigadores en el campo de las instituciones, a los decisores de política, y a los directivos del sector privado, que puedan tener cierto interés en los recientes procesos de deslocalización, y en la creencia de que el mismo les pueda ser útil para el desarrollo de las estrategias adecuadas a escala mundial.
A pesar de que los procesos de deslocalización (offshoring) no son un fenómeno del todo nuevo, la forma en que se llevan a cabo sí que lo es. El objetivo de este libro es ayudar a los directivos de empresa a tratar con los retos organizativos derivados del auge de la deslocalización que ahora nos espera.En vista de las dificultades de obtener un índice o medida directa sobre la deslocalización, de la heterogeneidad de las fuentes disponibles, y de la falta de consenso en torno a la terminología utilizada, este estudio se basa en gran medida en los datos recientes de la OCDE y la ORN (una red de investigación a la que pertenecen los autores), así como en informes sobre la inversión extranjera directa. El estudio se ofrece como una guía a los tres grandes grupos de interés implicados. En primer lugar, advierte a los gobiernos de no obstaculizar "el proceso económico natural" que el fenómeno significa. En segundo lugar, aconseja a las empresas a visualizar a la deslocalización como una parte integral de la estrategia global. Y en tercer lugar, resalta la necesidad de flexibilidad y formación para aquellos trabajadores que han podido verse afectados por el fenómeno de la deslocalización.Este libro se dirige fundamentalmente a aquellos investigadores en el campo de las instituciones, a los decisores de política, y a los directivos del sector privado, que puedan tener cierto interés en los recientes procesos de deslocalización, y en la creencia de que el mismo les pueda ser útil para el desarrollo de las estrategias adecuadas a escala mundial.
Urban Labyrinths: Informal Settlements, Architecture, and Social Change in Latin America examines intervention initiatives in informal settlements in Latin American cities as social, spatial, architectural, and cultural processes. From the mid-20th century to the present, Latin America and other regions in the Global South have experienced a remarkable demographic trend, with millions of people moving from rural areas to cities in search of work, healthcare, and education. Without other options, these migrants have created self-built settlements mostly located on the periphery of large metropolitan areas. While the initial reaction of governments was to eliminate these communities, since the 1990s, several Latin American cities began to advance new urban intervention approaches for improving quality of life. This book examines informal settlement interventions in five Latin American cities: Rio de Janeiro, Medellín, São Paulo, Buenos Aires, and Tijuana. It explores the Favela-Bairro Program in Rio de Janeiro during the 1990s which sought to improve living conditions and infrastructure in favelas. It investigates projects propelled by Social Urbanism in Medellín at the beginning of the 2000s, aimed at revitalizing marginalized areas by creating a public transportation network, constructing civic buildings, and creating public spaces. Furthermore, the book examines the long-term initiatives led by SEHAB in São Paulo, which simultaneously addresses favela upgrading works, water pollution remediation strategies, and environmental stewardship. It discusses current intervention initiatives being developed in informal settlements in Buenos Aires and Tijuana, exploring the urban design strategies that address complex challenges faced by these communities. Taken together, the Latin American architects, planners, landscape architects, researchers, and stakeholders involved in these projects confirm that urbanism, architecture, and landscape design can produce positive urban and social transformations for the most underprivileged. This book will be of interest to students, researchers, and professionals in planning, urbanism, architecture, urban design, landscape architecture, urban geography, public policy, as well as other spatial design disciplines.
In 1660, a mysterious sect of Dutch mystics arrived to an island in the New World with the objective to create a new society. Their governing principle revolved around the uninterrupted performance of a single dramatic work in seven tableaux vivants. Invoking alchemical imagery and hermetic thought, their goal was to arrive to a higher state of being by collectively embodying the symbolic representation of all of human and divine knowledge. Their experiment, which would last a century, would test the human boundaries of time, physical endurance, and the collective commitment toward an idea. "Like a 'lamb in wolf's clothing, ' Pablo Helguera uses the exoteric mechanisms of historical erudition to lure us to his magical island of the Ourobourians.But right about the time we lose our footing on the land's slippery shores-when we begin to wonder if the artist has gleaned an esoteric tradition for more than just source material for his island's symbols and nomenclature, when we start to navigate his land with the non-verbal hunches of the alchemists' score, and call into question the artifices we employ to gather the world around us-we realize Helguera has really taken us on a journey to another land altogether, the most forbidden of places: the self." -Lise Patt, founder and director of the Institute of Cultural Inquiry, Los Angeles "Pablo Helguera is a splendid liar, a first-class storyteller, a curious mind constantly in search of stories, a creator of parallel universes and impossible characters living in credible situations, which invariably probe our certainties, intuition and knowledge." - Naief Yehya, writer and critic
This book proposes a new critical relationship between computation and architecture, developing a history and theory of representation in architecture to understand and unleash potential means to open up creativity in the field. Historically, architecture has led to spatial representation. Today, computation has established new representational paradigms that can be compared to spatial representations, such as the revolution of perspective in the Renaissance. Architects now use software, robotics, and fabrication tools with very little understanding and participation in how these tools influence, revolutionize, and determine both architecture and its construction today. Why does the discipline of architecture not have a higher degree of authorship in the conception and development of computational technologies that define spatial representation? This book critically explores the relationship between history, theory, and cultural criticism. Lorenzo-Eiroa positions new understandings through parallel historical sections and theories of many revolutionary representational architecture canons displaced by conventional spatial projection. He identifies the architects, artists, mathematicians, and philosophers that were able to revolutionize their disciplines through the development of new technologies, new systems of representation, and new lenses to understand reality. This book frames the discussion by addressing new means to understand and expand architecture authorship in relation to the survey, information, representation, higher dimensional space, Big Data, and Artificial Intelligence – in the pursuit of activating an architecture of information. This will be important reading for upper-level students and researchers of architecture and architectural theory, especially those with a keen interest in computational design and robotic fabrication.
Recent films are increasingly using themes and conventions of science fiction such as dystopian societies, catastrophic environmental disasters, apocalyptic scenarios, aliens, monsters, time travel, teleportation, and supernatural abilities to address cosmopolitan concerns such as human rights, climate change, economic precarity, and mobility. This book identifies and analyses the new transnational turn towards cosmopolitanism in science fiction cinema since the beginning of the twenty-first century. The book considers a wide selection of examples, including case studies of films such as Elysium, In Time, 2012, Andrew Niccol’s The Host, Codependent Lesbian Space Alien Seeks Same, and Cloud Atlas. It also questions the seeming cosmopolitanism of these narratives and exposes how they sometimes reproduce social hierarchies and exploitative practices. Dealing with diverse, interdisciplinary concerns represented in cinema, this book in the Studies in Global Genre Fiction series will be of interest to readers and scholars working in the fields of science fiction, film and media studies, cosmopolitanism, border theory, popular culture, and cultural studies. It will also appeal to fans of science fiction cinema and literature.
This book provides a new approach to the control of food transformation processes, emphasizing the advantage of considering the system as a multivariable one, and taking a holistic approach to the decision-making process in the plant, considering not only the technical but also the economic implications of these decisions. In addition, it presents a hierarchical structure for the global control of the plant, and includes appropriate techniques for each of the control layers. The book addresses the challenges of modeling food transformation processes, using both traditional system-identification techniques and, where these prove impractical, models based on expert knowledge and using fuzzy systems. The construction of optimal controllers for each of these types of models is also discussed, as a means to close a feedback loop on the higher-level outputs of the process. Finally, the problem of production planning is covered from two standpoints: the traditional batch-sizing problem, and the planning of production throughout the season. Systematic season-wide production planning is built upon the models constructed for the control of the plant, and incorporates market- and business-specific information. Examples based on the processing of various foodstuffs help to illustrate the text throughout, while the book’s closing chapter presents a case study on advances in the processing of olive oil. Given its scope, the book will primarily be of interest to two groups of readers: food engineering practitioners and students, who are familiar with the characteristics of food processes but have little or no background in control engineering; and control engineering researchers, students and practitioners, whose situation is just the opposite, and who wish to learn more about food engineering and its specific challenges for control. Advances in Industrial Control reports and encourages the transfer of technology in control engineering. The rapid development of control technology has an impact on all areas of the control discipline. The series offers an opportunity for researchers to present an extended exposition of new work in all aspects of industrial control.
This paper provides new empirical evidence on tax buoyancy (tax revenues responsiveness to changes in economic activity) over the period 1990-2020 using a large panel of 185 countries. This study compares short-term and long-term buoyancy coefficients for total tax revenues and different individual taxes by reviewing and contrasting a range of estimators. Our results broadly confirm the main body of the literature on long-term buoyancy hovering around one. We find evidence of lower estimates for short-term buoyancy relative to previous literature, suggesting a limited automatic stabilization power of taxes. As a robustness exercise, in addition to changes in tax rates, we introduce novel control variables for tax exemptions and bases to disentangle discretionary from automatic tax revenue changes. The marginal changes in the results when controlling for policy actions suggest that, on average, the economic cycle does not necessarily influence tax reforms.
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