The Mycobacterium tuberculosis was found resistant to all the extracts . There was no growth in the Isoniazid drug containing medium which was used as the control drug. Lowenstein -Jensen (LJ) slopes without extracts or inoculum were also used as controls. There were growth on all the LJ medium containing the extracts.The results of these findings showed that the extracts of these plants exhibited no significant antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and therefore not recommendable for clinical use as an anti-tuberculosis drug.
Viral RNA was extracted from the stool samples collected from the children and analyzed using one step Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR ) for genotyping and Agarose Gel Electrophoresis (AGE) for the identification of the different bands of the electrophoretypes of the rotavirus.Analysis results indicated that 16 (22.53%%) out of the 71 children were positive for rotavirus infection while 55 (77.46%%) were negative for rotavirus infection.The rotavirus positive patients were made up of 12 males (68.75%%) and 4 females (25.0%%) while rotavirus negative patients were 32 males (58.18%%) and 23 females (41.81%%).The total number of males with gastroenteritis were 44 (60.56%%) while females were 27 (39.43%%).Rotavirus G2 genotype detected in 10 patients was the most prevalent strain in the hospital followed by G1 genotype found in 6 patients and these were the only rotavirus genotypes detected in the hospital.
The cell wall is the most common target of anti-mycobacterial drugs and many compounds that are in clinical use or under development target enzymes that synthesize distinct layers of the cell wall.There is a crucial and urgent need to identify and characterize the enzymes that are responsible for making cell envelope in mycobacteria which will help in discovering new drug targets.Enzymatic assays for the identification and characterization of the enzymes that are responsible for making the cell envelope of M. tuberculosis and also the identification and characterization of the genomic islands of M. tuberculosis by gene cloning and sequencing.This will help to determine the features, composition , structure, properties and functions of the genes of M. tuberculosis. It will also help to know the impact and relevance of the LCP genes, their functions and role in cell envelope biogenesis.
This review unravels the details of the immunological properties underlying the inducement , generation and control of immunological errors , the antigenic changes in the cells themselves, and the extent and activities of the immune response arising as a result of these changes.In this article, we reviewed the antigenic properties of the transformed cells and the ability of the host to mount an immune response to such antigens. Immunological errors itself can have effects on the immune system and these have to be taken into consideration in designing immunotherapeutic measures for the control of chronic and debilitating infectious diseases i.e. HIV is not a transforming virus and is therefore not directly responsible for the lymphomas and skin tumours found in AIDS patients.
The main serum markers of HBV include HBsAg, , HBsAb, HBeAg, HBeAb, and HBcAb.. The importance of these markers lies in helping in the correct and complete diagnosis of HBV.Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is the serological hallmark of HBV infection. It can be detected by radioimmunoassay (RIA) or enzyme immunoassay (EIA). HBsAg appears in serum 1 to 10 weeks after an acute exposure to HBV, prior to the onset of hepatitis symptoms or elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT). In patients who subsequently recover, HBsAg usually becomes undetectable after four to six months.Persistence of HBsAg for more than six months implies chronic infection. HBV markers detected with laboratory tests can be used to diagnose acute hepatitis, past infection and chronic infection which help in the understanding and clinical management of the disease in humans.
This book is an indispensable and invaluable guide for beginners and importers and exporters that are already in the import export business as it revealed the well guarded secrets of transactions in import export business covering such topics such as; World trade- Import Export Procedures, Export Procedure for the manufacturer seeking to export, The Board of Trade, Export procedure for the manufacturer to distributor, Manufacturers seeking distributorships through direct advertising in distributor's country, The export agency seeking representation for a product in overseas country, How an export agency operates, Import by the small agency and distribution, How a manufacturer produces his products, Where the agent stands in the Importer - Manufacturer agreement, The agent and manufacturer's representation, How to choose to Import or Export, Overseas manufacturers and confirming houses, Manufacturer's representation agencies and How to obtain agents in home and international market without investment.
This book contains full and complete comprehensive information On Current Molecular Biology And Biotechnology Protocols For Biomedical Research Scientists In Clinical Molecular Biology Reference Laboratories.
This manual is comprehensively written in plain language in order to make the subject of business ownership, operations and management simple to understand even to an ordinary beginner in business towards providing a firm foundation in business operations, concepts and principles. This manual utilizes a topic-by-topic question and answer approach, so as to instill in trainees, well-built problem- solving skills. The results of our extensive research and experience in business operations are now available. In actuality, this is a complete professional business start-up and operational business training manual that teaches you how to create or improve an existing or functioning business, week by week sequencially.
A comparative investigation on the antibiotic resistant plasmids isolated from the two sites will also be conducted to study the genetic determinants responsible for resistance in the different environmental mycobacterial isolates. Plasmid analysis of the mycobacteria is useful in the differentiation of strains, identifying a source of contamination or evaluating the efficacy of control measures as well as for the development of rapid detection tests.In addition, the taxonomy of plasmids has epidemiological applications in tracing the spread of resistant genes from man to man. Plasmid analysis and antimicrobial sensitivity testing of the environmental mycobacteria will be carried out on the isolates from the two sites.
This book is an international coursebook on the guidelines, principles and protocols of research writing , ethics and bioethics for researchers. It also contains sections on how to write and publish a scientific paper and also how to write proposals for national and international funding.
Specially designed spot-capped containers and selected polyethylene tetraphylate materials will be used in the production of the bottles to reduce contamination.The factory will be established and supported with a water analysis and pollution monitoring laboratory where daily pollution monitoring reports of the water, air and environment of the factory will be submitted to direct production processes.
This book explains the principles of design , costing and operating of a tuberculosis reference laboratory in developing countries is not necessarily a space confined within walls and a closed door. Space planning criteria is used to designate different areas for a specific purpose or function.Related functions may often be advantageously located inside the same four walls. There are, however , a few functions which have to be totally isolated from others, for example, the media processing section, which has quite specific criteria for cleanliness and if feasible, a dark room for fluorescence microscopy.A tuberculosis reference laboratory is designed to take account of the fact that all laboratory functions are to constitute a compact unit in which the employees can move between the various parts of the laboratory without having to pass through doors.
This book examines the subject of fire prevention which has been of great significance and importance throughout man's history. This is because although laboratory scientists has learnt to use it every day for flaming, sterilization, decontamination, boiling, heating, incineration of wastes and other laboratory work, he has yet to learn how to control fire especially scientists in a tuberculosis (TB), human immune deficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) reference laboratory. If fire is not properly controlled in the TB/HIV/AIDS reference laboratory, fire can destroy both the scientist and the TB/HIV/AIDS reference laboratory. It is therefore imperative that the knowledge of control and prevention of fire outbreak in the TB/HIV/AIDS reference laboratory must be pursued.
Reports documented in biomedical literature indicates that Glycosyl hydrolases and trehalases in Mycobacteria especially in Mycobacterium tuberculosis may play a role in its virulence. Enzymatic assays are required to see if one can detect specific enzyme activity in M. tuberculosis through microbiological techniques, protein expression and purification, crystallization experiments, glycosyl hydrolase and trehalase assays and gene cloning which will help to determine the role of the enzyme in virulence. It will also enable us to identify the outer membrane protein required for the transport of lipopolysaccharides to the bacterial cell surface.
This book examines the biological safety principles, characterization of four biosafety levels, areas of research needs, safety management programme profile, key tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS reference laboratory security protocols and the socio-economic implications of poor safety practices in a tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS reference laboratory. Laboratory safety programmes are plans for preventing sickness and injury to personnel and damage or destruction of physical assets. The fundamental objectives of a meaningful laboratory safety programme include improvement of safety skills and attitude of all personnel, and development of a surveillance programme for prompt identification of hazards. It also explains fully, the term "containment" which describes safe methods for managing infectious materials in the laboratory environment where they are being handled or maintained.
Safety in the Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS Reference Laboratory is aimed at protecting the experimenter and also protecting the sample from contamination that may give false results or infections in the laboratory and its environment.There is need for the equipment, materials and samples not to be contaminated with microbes to avoid cross infections and obtaining of false results. Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS Reference Laboratory safety is achieved by strict adherence to good laboratory practices and standard operating procedures.Safety skills acquired through learning must be put into practice in the Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS Reference Laboratory.
Overcome the toughest clinical challenges in nephrology with the new 9th edition of Brenner/Rector’s The Kidney! A brand-new editorial team of Drs. Maarten W. Taal, Glenn M. Chertow, Philip A. Marsden, Karl Skorecki, Alan S. L. Yu, and Barry M. Brenner,, together with a diverse list of international contributors bring you the latest knowledge and best practices on every front in nephrology worldwide. Brand-new sections on Global Considerations in Nephrology and Pediatric Nephrology, as well as new chapters on recent clinical trials, cardiovascular and renal risk prediction in chronic kidney disease, identification of genetic causes of kidney disease, and many others, keep you at the forefront of this rapidly growing, ever-changing specialty. Brenner/Rector remains the go-to resource for practicing and training nephrologists and internists who wish to master basic science, pathophysiology, and clinical best practices. Broaden your knowledge base with expert, dependable, comprehensive answers for every stage of your career from the most comprehensive, definitive clinical reference in the field! Prepare for certification or recertification with a review of the basic science that underpins clinical nephrology as well as a comprehensive selection of the most important bibliographical sources in nephrology. Visually grasp and better understand critical information with the aid of over 700 full-color high-quality photographs as well as carefully chosen figures, algorithms, and tables to illustrate essential concepts, nuances of clinical presentation and technique, and decision making. Get internationally diverse, trusted guidance and perspectives from a team of well-respected global contributors, all of whom are at the top and the cutting edge of your field. A new editorial team headed by Dr. Taal and hand-picked by Dr. Brenner ensures the ongoing adherence to previous standards of excellence. Access information quickly thanks to a new, reorganized format and supplemental figures, tables, additional references, and expanded discussions. Keep current with the rapid development of care and research worldwide. A new section, "Global Considerations", focuses on regions outside Europe and North America. Leading experts from Latin America, Africa, Near and Middle East, Indian Subcontinent, Far East, Oceania and Australia present their expert insights into specific conditions, as well as progress and challenges in the development of the specialty. Improve therapy and outcomes for children with renal disease. New to this edition, "Pediatric Nephrology" addresses renal pathologies that usually present in childhood and covers topics such as Maturation of Kidney Structure and Function; Fluid; Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders in Children; Diseases of the Kidney and Urinary Tract in Children; Dialysis in Children; and Kidney Transplantation in Children. Stay up to date with all the latest clinical information including recent clinical trials, genetic causes of kidney disease, and cardiovascular and renal risk prediction in chronic kidney disease.
Overcome the toughest clinical challenges in nephrology with Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney -- the most well-known nephrology resource in the world. A diverse team of more than 200 international contributors brings you the latest knowledge and best practices on every front in nephrology worldwide. From basic science and pathophysiology to clinical best practices, Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney is your go-to resource for any stage of your career. Review of the basic science that underpins clinical nephrology, comprehensive selection of the most important bibliographical sources in nephrology, and Board Review-style questions help you prepare for certification or recertification. Coverage of kidney health and disease from pre-conception through fetal and infant health, childhood, adulthood, and into old age. Expanded sections and chapter on global perspective and ethical considerations. Uniform terminology and nomenclature in line with emerging consensus in world kidney community. More than 700 full-color high-quality photographs as well as carefully chosen figures, algorithms, and tables to illustrate essential concepts, nuances of clinical presentation and technique, and decision making provide a visual grasp and better understanding of critical information. Internationally diverse, trusted guidance and perspectives from a team of well-respected global contributors . An editorial team headed by Dr. Skorecki and handpicked by Dr. Brenner ensures the ongoing adherence to previous standards of excellence. All chapters have been extensively updated or entirely rewritten by authorities in their respective fields. The latest clinical information including recent clinical trials, genetic causes of kidney disease, cardiovascular and renal risk prediction in chronic kidney disease, new paradigms in fluid and electrolyte management, and pediatric kidney disease, keep you current with the rapid development of care and research worldwide.
This training course book is an essential guide for laboratory scientists who wants to learn Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotyping . It is also an invaluable guide for mycobacteriologists who are already involved in tuberculosis genotyping as it reveals the well guarded secrets of efficient Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotyping and strain differentiation.This Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotyping training is a complete operational laboratory training covering the Methodology, Storage and precautions, Quality control, DNA extraction, Amplification, Amplification profile, Detection and Preparation of reagents for tuberculosis genotyping.
This book examines the principles of the basic standard practices required in a Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS Reference Laboratory. This explains the minimum standard of practice required by every Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS Reference Laboratory in the day to day running of its affairs. Adhering to these principles and standards would ensure that elements of good laboratory practice and standards in a Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS Reference Laboratory like confidentiality, counseling, quality control, quality assurance, quality assessment, standard operational procedure, supervision, safety precaution, water requirement , reagents and kits are practiced in the Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS Reference Laboratory for the good clinical management of the patients.
This review unravels the details of the immunological properties underlying the inducement , generation and control of immunological errors , the antigenic changes in the cells themselves, and the extent and activities of the immune response arising as a result of these changes.In this article, we reviewed the antigenic properties of the transformed cells and the ability of the host to mount an immune response to such antigens. Immunological errors itself can have effects on the immune system and these have to be taken into consideration in designing immunotherapeutic measures for the control of chronic and debilitating infectious diseases i.e. HIV is not a transforming virus and is therefore not directly responsible for the lymphomas and skin tumours found in AIDS patients.
This book is a mentoring action plan that examines the principles and foundations of mentoring in science. Mentoring the next generation of scientists is the surest way to grow the scientific community for the continuity and innovative sustainability of global science.This book provides an overview of mentorship, ground rules and guidelines for establishing mentorship, formal ethical and legal issues in mentoring relationships, evaluation of mentoring programs and resources mobilization for setting up and sustaining mentoring relationships in science .This handbook is an essential guide for institutions, mentors and mentees who wants to learn the administration of mentorship. It is also an invaluable guide for mentors and mentees who are already involved in mentoring as it reveals the well guarded secrets of efficient mentoring for scientists.Mentoring in science should be a shared professional responsibility of all scientists globally.
Viral RNA was extracted from the stool samples collected from the children and analyzed using one step Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR ) for genotyping and Agarose Gel Electrophoresis (AGE) for the identification of the different bands of the electrophoretypes of the rotavirus.Analysis results indicated that 16 (22.53%%) out of the 71 children were positive for rotavirus infection while 55 (77.46%%) were negative for rotavirus infection.The rotavirus positive patients were made up of 12 males (68.75%%) and 4 females (25.0%%) while rotavirus negative patients were 32 males (58.18%%) and 23 females (41.81%%).The total number of males with gastroenteritis were 44 (60.56%%) while females were 27 (39.43%%).Rotavirus G2 genotype detected in 10 patients was the most prevalent strain in the hospital followed by G1 genotype found in 6 patients and these were the only rotavirus genotypes detected in the hospital.
This book contains the novel approaches and innovations on how to establish an African Center of Excellence in Clinical and Biomedical Research on Tropical Diseases in collaboration with Institutions and support from donor agencies .The project development plan is fully discussed in this book which includes the Institutional Profile, Objectives of the project, Project Justification, The Development Programme, Work Plan, Human Capacity Building , Training Programmes, Research Linkages, Staff Training and Development as well as the Potential Output/ Achievements Of The Project .This handbook is an indispensable guide for individuals, universities and institutions with plans to establish an African Center of Excellence in Clinical and Biomedical Research on Tropical Diseases in African Countries and other developing countries.
The cell wall is the most common target of anti-mycobacterial drugs and many compounds that are in clinical use or under development target enzymes that synthesize distinct layers of the cell wall.There is a crucial and urgent need to identify and characterize the enzymes that are responsible for making cell envelope in mycobacteria which will help in discovering new drug targets.Enzymatic assays for the identification and characterization of the enzymes that are responsible for making the cell envelope of M. tuberculosis and also the identification and characterization of the genomic islands of M. tuberculosis by gene cloning and sequencing.This will help to determine the features, composition , structure, properties and functions of the genes of M. tuberculosis. It will also help to know the impact and relevance of the LCP genes, their functions and role in cell envelope biogenesis.
This book examines the subject of fire prevention which has been of great significance and importance throughout man's history. This is because although laboratory scientists has learnt to use it every day for flaming, sterilization, decontamination, boiling, heating, incineration of wastes and other laboratory work, he has yet to learn how to control fire especially scientists in a tuberculosis (TB), human immune deficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) reference laboratory. If fire is not properly controlled in the TB/HIV/AIDS reference laboratory, fire can destroy both the scientist and the TB/HIV/AIDS reference laboratory. It is therefore imperative that the knowledge of control and prevention of fire outbreak in the TB/HIV/AIDS reference laboratory must be pursued.
Many people, including those living with HIV, do not know that TB is curable. This is a basic message and one thing that is failing to get through. We should know how to get the message to policy- makers and funders that more drugs are needed for both diseases. It is not "either/or', there is no point providing ARVs only for patients to die of TB for lack of TB resources. Similarly, TB efforts alone are insufficient. HIV/AIDS is dramatically fuelling the TB epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa, where up to 70%% of TB patients are co-infected with HIV in some countries. For many years efforts to tackle TB and HIV have been largely separate, despite the overlapping epidemiology. Improved collaboration between TB and HIV/AIDS programmes will lead to more effective control of TB among HIV- infected people and to significant public health gains.
The main serum markers of HBV include HBsAg, , HBsAb, HBeAg, HBeAb, and HBcAb.. The importance of these markers lies in helping in the correct and complete diagnosis of HBV.Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is the serological hallmark of HBV infection. It can be detected by radioimmunoassay (RIA) or enzyme immunoassay (EIA). HBsAg appears in serum 1 to 10 weeks after an acute exposure to HBV, prior to the onset of hepatitis symptoms or elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT). In patients who subsequently recover, HBsAg usually becomes undetectable after four to six months.Persistence of HBsAg for more than six months implies chronic infection. HBV markers detected with laboratory tests can be used to diagnose acute hepatitis, past infection and chronic infection which help in the understanding and clinical management of the disease in humans.
This book is an international coursebook on the guidelines, principles and protocols of research writing , ethics and bioethics for researchers. It also contains sections on how to write and publish a scientific paper and also how to write proposals for national and international funding.
This training course book is an essential guide for laboratory scientists who wants to learn Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotyping . It is also an invaluable guide for mycobacteriologists who are already involved in tuberculosis genotyping as it reveals the well guarded secrets of efficient Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotyping and strain differentiation.This Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotyping training is a complete operational laboratory training covering the Methodology, Storage and precautions, Quality control, DNA extraction, Amplification, Amplification profile, Detection and Preparation of reagents for tuberculosis genotyping.
This book explains the principles of design , costing and operating of a tuberculosis reference laboratory in developing countries is not necessarily a space confined within walls and a closed door. Space planning criteria is used to designate different areas for a specific purpose or function.Related functions may often be advantageously located inside the same four walls. There are, however , a few functions which have to be totally isolated from others, for example, the media processing section, which has quite specific criteria for cleanliness and if feasible, a dark room for fluorescence microscopy.A tuberculosis reference laboratory is designed to take account of the fact that all laboratory functions are to constitute a compact unit in which the employees can move between the various parts of the laboratory without having to pass through doors.
This book is an indispensable and invaluable guide for beginners and importers and exporters that are already in the import export business as it revealed the well guarded secrets of transactions in import export business covering such topics such as; World trade- Import Export Procedures, Export Procedure for the manufacturer seeking to export, The Board of Trade, Export procedure for the manufacturer to distributor, Manufacturers seeking distributorships through direct advertising in distributor's country, The export agency seeking representation for a product in overseas country, How an export agency operates, Import by the small agency and distribution, How a manufacturer produces his products, Where the agent stands in the Importer - Manufacturer agreement, The agent and manufacturer's representation, How to choose to Import or Export, Overseas manufacturers and confirming houses, Manufacturer's representation agencies and How to obtain agents in home and international market without investment.
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis was found resistant to all the extracts . There was no growth in the Isoniazid drug containing medium which was used as the control drug. Lowenstein -Jensen (LJ) slopes without extracts or inoculum were also used as controls. There were growth on all the LJ medium containing the extracts.The results of these findings showed that the extracts of these plants exhibited no significant antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and therefore not recommendable for clinical use as an anti-tuberculosis drug.
A comparative investigation on the antibiotic resistant plasmids isolated from the two sites will also be conducted to study the genetic determinants responsible for resistance in the different environmental mycobacterial isolates. Plasmid analysis of the mycobacteria is useful in the differentiation of strains, identifying a source of contamination or evaluating the efficacy of control measures as well as for the development of rapid detection tests.In addition, the taxonomy of plasmids has epidemiological applications in tracing the spread of resistant genes from man to man. Plasmid analysis and antimicrobial sensitivity testing of the environmental mycobacteria will be carried out on the isolates from the two sites.
This book examines the biological safety principles, characterization of four biosafety levels, areas of research needs, safety management programme profile, key tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS reference laboratory security protocols and the socio-economic implications of poor safety practices in a tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS reference laboratory. Laboratory safety programmes are plans for preventing sickness and injury to personnel and damage or destruction of physical assets. The fundamental objectives of a meaningful laboratory safety programme include improvement of safety skills and attitude of all personnel, and development of a surveillance programme for prompt identification of hazards. It also explains fully, the term "containment" which describes safe methods for managing infectious materials in the laboratory environment where they are being handled or maintained.
This book contains full and complete comprehensive information On Current Molecular Biology And Biotechnology Protocols For Biomedical Research Scientists In Clinical Molecular Biology Reference Laboratories.
Reports documented in biomedical literature indicates that Glycosyl hydrolases and trehalases in Mycobacteria especially in Mycobacterium tuberculosis may play a role in its virulence. Enzymatic assays are required to see if one can detect specific enzyme activity in M. tuberculosis through microbiological techniques, protein expression and purification, crystallization experiments, glycosyl hydrolase and trehalase assays and gene cloning which will help to determine the role of the enzyme in virulence. It will also enable us to identify the outer membrane protein required for the transport of lipopolysaccharides to the bacterial cell surface.
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