Failures or forced shutdowns in power plants are often due to boilers, and particularly failure of boiler tubes. This comprehensive resource deals with the subject of failure investigation of boiler tubes from basic fundamentals to practical applications. Coverage includes properties and selection of materials for boiler tubes from a metallurgical view point, damage mechanisms responsible for failure of boiler tubes, and characterization techniques employed for investigating failures of boiler tubes in thermal power plants and utility boilers of industrial/commercial/institutional (ICI) boilers. A large number of case studies based on the actual failures from the field are described, along with photographs and microstructures to allow for easy comprehension of the theory behind the failures. This book is geared to practicing engineers and for studies in the major area of power plant engineering. For non-metallurgists, a chapter has been devoted to the basics of material science, metallurgy of steels, heat treatment, and structure-property correlation. A chapter on materials for boiler tubes covers composition and application of different grades of steels and high temperature alloys currently in use as boiler tubes and future materials to be used in supercritical, ultra-supercritical and advanced ultra-supercritical thermal power plants. A comprehensive discussion on different mechanisms of boiler tube failure is the heart of the book. Additional chapters detailing the role of advanced material characterization techniques in failure investigation and the role of water chemistry in tube failures are key contributions to the book. The authors have long-standing experience in the field of metallurgy and materials technology, failure investigation, remaining life assessment (RLA) and fitness for service (FFS) for industrial plant and equipment, including power plants. They have conducted a large number of failure investigations of boiler tubes and have recommended effective remedial measures in problem solving for power and utility boilers.
Failures or forced shutdowns in power plants are often due to boilers, and particularly failure of boiler tubes. This comprehensive resource deals with the subject of failure investigation of boiler tubes from basic fundamentals to practical applications. Coverage includes properties and selection of materials for boiler tubes from a metallurgical view point, damage mechanisms responsible for failure of boiler tubes, and characterization techniques employed for investigating failures of boiler tubes in thermal power plants and utility boilers of industrial/commercial/institutional (ICI) boilers. A large number of case studies based on the actual failures from the field are described, along with photographs and microstructures to allow for easy comprehension of the theory behind the failures. This book is geared to practicing engineers and for studies in the major area of power plant engineering. For non-metallurgists, a chapter has been devoted to the basics of material science, metallurgy of steels, heat treatment, and structure-property correlation. A chapter on materials for boiler tubes covers composition and application of different grades of steels and high temperature alloys currently in use as boiler tubes and future materials to be used in supercritical, ultra-supercritical and advanced ultra-supercritical thermal power plants. A comprehensive discussion on different mechanisms of boiler tube failure is the heart of the book. Additional chapters detailing the role of advanced material characterization techniques in failure investigation and the role of water chemistry in tube failures are key contributions to the book. The authors have long-standing experience in the field of metallurgy and materials technology, failure investigation, remaining life assessment (RLA) and fitness for service (FFS) for industrial plant and equipment, including power plants. They have conducted a large number of failure investigations of boiler tubes and have recommended effective remedial measures in problem solving for power and utility boilers.
Major Advances Made During The Last One Decade In The Field Of Plant Tissue Culture And Molecular Biology Have Been Presented In This Book. It Comprises About Fifty Research Articles On A Wide Range Of Topical Subjects From Overall Review Of Plant Tissue Culture To Superoxide Dismutases In Plants; Somatic Embryogenesis In Crop Species Like Cicer Arietinum, Helianthus Annus, Etc., Besides Plantation Crops Like Coffee And Pepper; Micropropagation Of Divergent Plant Species, Including Medicinal And Ornamental Plants; Haploid And Somaclonal Variation In Pigeonpea, Peanut, Etc.; Production Of Secondary Metabolites In Plant Species Like Catharanthus Roseus, Artemesia Maritima And Azadirachta Indica; Stress Biology In Crop Plants; Use Of Molecular Markers In Coffee, Pcr-Based Dna Fingerprinting, Seed Protein Profiles Of Fodder Grains, And Nodule Initiation In Pigeonpea. This Book Serves Not Only As A Handbook For Students, Scholars, Teachers, Researchers And Industries Alike In Plant Tissue Culture And Biotechnology, But Also For General Reference.
This book contains information compiled from authentic and highly regarded sources. Sources of the material quoted are indicated. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors, editors and publishers cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials. Neither the authors nor the publishers, nor any else associated with this publication, shall be liable for any loss, damage or liability directly or indirectly caused or alleged to be caused by this book. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this book for educational or other non-commercials purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, including photocopying, microfilming and recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior permission in writing from the publishers, if it is for rescale or other commercial purposes.
This book is written for B.Sc., B.Sc. (Hons.) and M.Sc., students. The subject is presented in a very systematic manner. Simple language is used, diagrams/ illustrations are generously used to emphasise reaction. Sites, to indicate reaction pathways. Emphasis is placed on the correlation of the structure of functional group with its properties. A detailed molecular orbital and valance bond interpretation of the structure of each functional group is given. This enable the student to predict the properties of the functional group. Fundamental principles of energetics, reaction rates and stereochemistry are provided to lay a strong foundation. Mechanisms are described in a step by step manner. Contents: Alkaloids, Stereochemistry of the Cinchona Alkaloids, Isoquinoline Group, Biosynthesis of Alkaloids.
The first ICXOM congress held in Cambridge was the brain-child of Dr. Ellis Cosslett, founder of the Electron Optics Section of the Cavendish Laboratory. Dr. Cosslett pioneered research in x-ray optics and microanalysis and retained a close interest in all subject applications for this area of research, including physics, materials science, chemistry, and biology. X-Ray Optics and Microanalysis 1992 was held in his memory. At a special symposium, friends and colleagues reviewed the present status of research in x-ray optics and microanalysis. S.J. Pennycook of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, D.B. Williams of Lehigh University, J.A. Venables et al. of Arizona State University and Sussex University, and C. Jacobsen et al. of SUNY, Stony Brook are among the researchers whose papers are included in this volume.
Camptothecin and Camptothecin Producing Plants: Botany, Chemistry, Anticancer Activity and Biotechnology provides updated information on camptothecin yielding plants, chemical diversity of camptothecin, extraction and exploitation methods, biosynthesis, biotechnological production and enhancement for drug delivery, and the pharmacological properties of the drugs. The book focuses on camptothecin anticancer properties based on recent developments of biotechnology. Topics emphasize anticancer activities, biosynthesis, potent derivatives currently undergoing experimental phases, and biotechnological methods to enhance the production. This book is a valuable source for cancer researchers, oncologists, biotechnologists, pharmacologists and members of the biomedical field who are interested in camptothecin and its applicability in cancer treatment. Provides information on camptothecin producing plants and their anticancer properties for the development of new treatments Discusses new applications of camptothecin based on recent biotechnology advancements Presents comprehensive information on the pharmacology of camptothecin for leveraging new anticancer drugs developments
This is the second volume in a series of critical reviews of the chemical thermodynamic data of those elements of particular importance in the safety assessment modeling of high-level radioactive waste storage and disposal facilities. The objective of these reviews is to provide a set of reliable thermodynamic data that can be used to describe the behaviour of these elements under conditions relevant for radioactive waste disposal systems and the geochemical environments. The present volume is a review of experimental data reported in the literature for americium. On a few occasions, where no data existed, comparisons and estimates were made based on experimental data on analog lanthanide elements. The basic philosophy was to develop a minimum set of solid phases and solution species of americium that would fit all experimental data being reviewed.
. . . it will provide a fascinating and stimulating read for researchers, students and academics with an interest in water economics and public policy. Practitioners focusing on water management, sustainable development, water supply and health will also find this book invaluable. CABI Those seeking an informed overview of the social and economic aspects of water issues in developing contexts today would do well to read P.B. Anand s book. Scarcity, Entitlements and the Economics of Water in Developing Countries is extensive covering local, sub-national and international aspects of water scarcity, the human right to water, transboundary water disputes and progress on the Millennium Development Goals. . . It will be of interest to water resource managers, urban water and sanitation policy-makers, international donors, and students of environmental justice, water issues, and development more broadly. . . Anand s book is recommended as useful and interesting reading primarily for its broad range and interdisciplinary approach. Mark Zeitoun, Waterlines In this creative study Anand applies environmental economic tools and concepts to analyze water issues in developing countries. . . The author carefully integrates the poverty, inequality, and development issues of water; and he meticulously discusses the intertwined rivalrous and excludable public good characteristics of water supply. . . Highly recommended. B.F. Hope, Choice The book eloquently illustrates the economics of water and how economics can increase the understanding of topics such as water inequalities and the role of institutions. It convincingly explores and explains water scarcity, supply and demand to demystify water topics. It commendably presents different views and interpretations on contentious water topics such as large-scale dams, transboundary water and privatization of household water supply. In particular, the conceptual framework is helpful in illuminating the interface between water and well-being. The book contains several case studies and water multi-sectors, such as dams, water supply and sanitation and water resources and appeals to a wide readership interested in various water topics and their implementation. Håkan Tropp, Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI), Sweden The author has sought to weave diverse strands of water policy in developing countries into a coherent framework. A multi country database is used to make the point that scarcity is not the absolute lack of water, but the result of policy and management failure. The sustainable access to drinking water, one of the targets of the Millennium Development Goals, as well as consumer preferences for water supply are illustrated with data from the author s research in Chennai, a chronically water starved Indian city. Resolution of conflict in a river basin is analysed using the case of the Cauvery, an interstate river in India. All these themes are brought together using Sen s Capability approach to highlight the fact that water policy is not a technocratic exercise but a matter of justice and entitlements. Water managers, academicians and civil society groups will benefit from reflecting on the important issues raised by Dr Anand in this book. Paul Appasamy, Madras School of Economics Anand s book discusses in detail the economics of water and how societies deal with this scarce resource. The complexities of water as highlighted in his book have previously been little explored in any standard economic development textbook. Anand presents a fascinating framework on water and well-being by linking water and the capability approach. It is a must read for all those dealing with water issues in particular and development issues in general. Naren Prasad, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), Switzerland This is a very thorough analysis of water s critical role as both a basic human need and an economic good. It is unlikely to be surpassed for so
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