This atlas is the first one in the field of vibrational spectroscopy of polyatomic molecules. It is divided into two paragraphs. The first deals with the theory of vibrational spectroscopy in a concise form and considers the most important spectroscopical parameters — frequencies, bandshape and intensities. The second paragraph is dedicated to the infrared (2000-400 cm-1), far infrared (400-40 cm-1) and Raman (2000-10 cm-1) spectra of about hundred different mesomorphic materials with various molecular structure. The polarized IR spectra of the most important liquid crystals is also included. In the second paragraph the assignment of the IR bands to the corresponding intramolecular vibrations is also reported. Almost all spectra is registrated and analysed for the first time. The major important features are: 1. Registration and analysis (for the first time) of vibrational spectra of polyatomic molecules with mesomorphic phases; 2. Registration (for the first time) of vibrational spectra of polyatomic molecules with mesomorphic phase in polarized IR light. Polarized vibrational spectra are very important for clarification of the molecular structure; 3. Assignment (for the first time) of the IR bands of the most important liquid crystalline materials to the corresponding vibrations.
Chlamydiae are a group of obligate intracellular microorganisms with a homogeneous group-specific antigenic structure, and a unique mode of development. The infections caused by them are unprecedented and wide-spread throughout the world, including a broad range of hosts among domestic and animal species and humans, and a variety of clinical manifestations. The uniqueness of chlamydia pathology consists mainly in the fact that the agents of the individual diseases are so close in their biological properties that they are represented only by the single genus Chlamydia, which includes all currently recognized species.Although chlamydiae and chlamydial infections were discovered a long time ago, they are still under-researched and relatively unknown to broad circles of microbiologists, virologists, epidemiologists and clinicians. A number of issues relating to molecular biology, pathogenesis, mechanisms of Chlamydia development and their interactions with cells, as well as their genetic conditioning and regulation, remain unclear. The same is true for ambiguities, problems and contradictions related to epidemiology, diagnostic approaches, immunity and vaccines. Based on scientific facts and the analysis of literature, and the experience of the author, Chlamydiae and Chlamydial Infections attempts to shed light on the cited problems, in terms of modern microbiology, cell biology and molecular biology. The scientific topics discussed include:• Biological, morphological and antigenic properties of Chlamydia spp• Genes, genomic structure and genetic regulations• Conventional diagnostic methods and examinations• Detection and differentiation of Chlamydia organisms by DNA detection systems• Clinical forms and manifestations and drug therapy• Pathology• Epidemiological peculiarities of Chlamydia ─ induced diseases in animals and humans• Immunity and vaccines
This book deals with influencing the properties of solids by light-driven electron transport. The theoretical basis of these effects, light-driven ordering and self-organisation, as well as optical motors are presented. With light as a tool, new ways to produce materials are opened.
Evolution of Living Organisms: Evidence for a New Theory of Transformation discusses traditional interpretations of evolution with a new assumption. The book presents a rational and general account of real evolutionary phenomena based on paleontology and molecular biological data. The text reviews biological evolution from the simple to the complex or progressive and regressive evolution. The author explains the appearance of types of organization from Captorhinomorphs to Pelycosaurs to the Theriodonts— from which the mammals arose. He also explains that in the evolution to mammals, the transformation of the Theriodonts concerned only the skeleton, muscles, dentition, and not the brain. He cites the case of the Perissodactyls as an example. The author also asserts that paleontology and molecular biology can explain the mechanism of evolution without even detailing the causes of orientations of lineages, of the finalities of structures, of living functions, and of cycles. But this approach will involve metaphysics. This book can be appreciated by anthropologists, researcher and scientists involved in zoology, paleontology, genetics and biochemistry.
The idea about this book has evolved during the process of its preparation as some of the results have been achieved in parallel with its writing. One reason for this is that in this area of research results are very quickly updated. Another is, possibly, that a strong, unchallenged theoretical basis in this field still does not fully exist. From other hand, the rate of innovation, competition and demand from different branches of industry (from biotech industry to civil and building engineering, from market forecasting to civil aviation, from robotics to emerging e-commerce) is increasingly pressing for more customised solutions based on learning consumers behaviour. A highly interdisciplinary and rapidly innovating field is forming which focus is the design of intelligent, self-adapting systems and machines. It is on the crossroads of control theory, artificial and computational intelligence, different engineering disciplines borrowing heavily from the biology and life sciences. It is often called intelligent control, soft computing or intelligent technology. Some other branches have appeared recently like intelligent agents (which migrated from robotics to different engineering fields), data fusion, knowledge extraction etc., which are inherently related to this field. The core is the attempts to enhance the abilities of the classical control theory in order to have more adequate, flexible, and adaptive models and control algorithms.
Presents the most innovative results in carbene chemistry, setting the foundation for new discoveries and applications The discovery of stable carbenes has reinvigorated carbene chemistry research, with investigators seeking to develop carbenes into new useful catalysts and ligands. Presenting the most innovative and promising areas of carbene research over the past decade, this book explores newly discovered structural, catalytic, and organometallic aspects of carbene chemistry, with an emphasis on new and emerging synthetic applications. Contemporary Carbene Chemistry features contributions from an international team of pioneering carbene chemistry researchers. Collectively, these authors have highlighted the most interesting and promising areas of investigation in the field. The book is divided into two parts: Part 1, Properties and Reactions of Carbenes, explores new findings on carbene stability, acid-base behavior, and catalysis. Carbenic structure and reactivity are examined in chapters dedicated to stable carbenes, carbodicarbenes, carbenes as guests in supramolecular hosts, tunneling in carbene and oxacarbene reactions, and ultrafast kinetics of carbenes and their excited state precursors. Theoretical concerns are addressed in chapters on computational methods and dynamics applied to carbene reactions. Part 2, Metal Carbenes, is dedicated to the synthetic dimensions of carbenes, particularly the reactions and catalytic properties of metal carbenes. The authors discuss lithium, rhodium, ruthenium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, cobalt, and gold. All the chapters conclude with a summary of the current situation, new challenges on the horizon, and promising new research directions. A list of key reviews and suggestions for further reading also accompanies every chapter. Each volume of the Wiley Series on Reactive Intermediates in Chemistry and Biology focuses on a specific reactive intermediate, offering a broad range of perspectives from leading experts that sets the stage for new applications and further discoveries.
Dairy Processing and Quality Assurance, Second Edition describes the processing and manufacturing stages of market milk and major dairy products, from the receipt of raw materials to the packaging of the products, including the quality assurance aspects. The book begins with an overview of the dairy industry, dairy production and consumption trends. Next are discussions related to chemical, physical and functional properties of milk; microbiological considerations involved in milk processing; regulatory compliance; transportation to processing plants; and the ingredients used in manufacture of dairy products. The main section of the book is dedicated to processing and production of fluid milk products; cultured milk including yogurt; butter and spreads; cheese; evaporated and condensed milk; dry milks; whey and whey products; ice cream and frozen desserts; chilled dairy desserts; nutrition and health; sensory evaluation; new product development strategies; packaging systems; non-thermal preservation technologies; safety and quality management systems; and dairy laboratory analytical techniques. This fully revised and updated edition highlights the developments which have taken place in the dairy industry since 2008. The book notably includes: New regulatory developments The latest market trends New processing developments, particularly with regard to yogurt and cheese products Functional aspects of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics A new chapter on the sensory evaluation of dairy products Intended for professionals in the dairy industry, Dairy Processing and Quality Assurance, Second Edition, will also appeal to researchers, educators and students of dairy science for its contemporary information and experience-based applications.
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