Subdued oil prices prompted a trimmed federal budget for 2016 as the UAE, like other countries in the region, tightened its belt in response to falling hydrocarbons revenues. However, a sustained focus on economic diversification and targeted investment in Abu Dhabi’s key non-oil sectors in recent years means the emirate is well positioned to weather the storm. Looking forward, plans for future development are mapped out in Abu Dhabi Economic Vision 2030, a comprehensive economic policy document that aims to reduce dependence on oil and gas, thereby creating a more sustainable knowledge-based economy for the emirate and its inhabitants. Aided by hydrocarbons reserves that are among the world’s largest and substantial financial resources, Abu Dhabi has built up a strong foundation to become a regional leader and an increasingly important global player in a wide variety of sectors, including oil and gas, financial services, health care, aviation and renewable energy.
The economy has a history of strong government involvement and a legacy of socialist policies in the 1960s and 1970s, with statist companies involved in both energy and agriculture; yet, the country’s market is now among the more liberalised in the region. Ghana has a strong export profile, although it is somewhat dependent on commodities. It is the world’s second-largest exporter of cocoa, behind Côte d’Ivoire, and one of the continent’s largest gold producers, while new reserves of oil and gas have helped further expand its resource wealth. The economy saw expansion of 7.1% in 2013, while inflation reached 14.5% in March 2014. Although inflation and balance of payments remain the country’s biggest economic challenges, measures have been taken to strengthen the cedi and curb inflation.
The second-largest economy in Latin America, Mexico seems poised to enter a new growth phase as the government of Enrique Peña Nieto implements radical changes in a number of sectors across the economy. The reforms, aimed at raising the competitiveness of the Mexican economy, have the potential to establish Mexico’s position as a regional powerhouse. Optimism surrounding the recent wave of reforms, coupled with a stable macroeconomic environment and an improved credit rating from international agencies, has placed Mexico centre-stage. Despite slower than anticipated growth of 1.1% in 2013, a wave of reforms affecting a range of sectors is expected to bring a new dynamism to the economy and continue to attract increasing amounts of foreign investment. A highly anticipated energy reform approved by Congress in 2013 will for the first time in decades open the nationalised oil industry to foreign investment, while a new public-private partnership law is set to provide the climate of legal certainty needed to attract private investment in the myriad of sectors undergoing expansion. While challenges remain, in particular informality and deficient domestic supply chains, growth prospects remain positive for the second-largest economy in Latin America.
Hydrocarbons revenues still form the bulk of Abu Dhabi’s GDP and while falling prices are a concern, the emirate has been moving steadily towards its economic diversification targets in line with Abu Dhabi Economic Vision 2030. The past 10 years has seen the non-oil sector expand strongly on the back of business-friendly government policies, as a result of which non-oil sector growth now outpaces that of the oil sector. Outside of hydrocarbons, construction and manufacturing represent the biggest GDP contributors in the emirate, with the construction sector poised to enter a period of renewed expansion and manufacturing identified as a key area for future growth, leveraging the emirate’s natural resources, growing downstream capabilities and strategic location. Elsewhere Abu Dhabi’s financial sector continues to assert itself and the expected 2015 launch of Abu Dhabi Global Market, the UAE’s second financial free zone, is expected to boost activity in the sector. Meanwhile visitor numbers to Abu Dhabi continue to rise, with around 3.5m arrivals in 2014, up 25% on the previous year. This growth is expected to continue as major infrastructure upgrades continue apace. These include the expansion of Abu Dhabi International Airport and the development of the 1200-km wide Etihad rail project.
With just 1.63m people, Gabon is the second-smallest member of the six-country Central African Economic and Monetary Community in terms of population, after Equatorial Guinea. However, the country’s well-developed hydrocarbons sector has made Gabon the second-largest economy in the sub-region. The economy of Gabon has largely developed on the back of the country’s substantial oil and gas resources; however, declining production levels are leading the government to pursue a strategy of economic diversification. While efforts to encourage new investment and offshore oil exploration may yet yield results, the development of other industries, including forestry and mining, is being encouraged. Meanwhile, like many African countries, Gabon is working to ensure that a larger percentage of natural resource wealth is channelled into the national economy.
Although the emirate’s economic growth can be primarily attributed to its vast hydrocarbons resources, it has also made progress diversifying into new sectors such as manufacturing, tourism, aerospace, defence, finance and logistics. In addition to its economic investments, Abu Dhabi has also made major contributions to social welfare as well as infrastructure, which has been identified as the bedrock for future growth. The government has played a key role in the expansion of the security, aerospace and defence industry over the past decade in an effort to strengthen the UAE’s defence capabilities and as a means of boosting economic diversification. Despite challenges such as a high level of regional competition, most local defence and aviation firms expect to see continued expansion for years to come. The evidence suggests that the emirate has succeeded in nurturing new economic sectors and is on track to meet its goals. The oil and gas sector accounted for 56.5% of Abu Dhabi’s GDP at current prices in 2012, followed by construction (9.6%), manufacturing (5.9%) and real estate (4.4%).
2013 saw the transition of power from the former Emir, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, to Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, his fourth son and second son with Sheikha Moza bint Nasser, a move unprecedented elsewhere in the Gulf but not unexpected in Qatar. With sustained, long-term economic growth, the highest per capita income in the world, a stable and well-capitalised banking sector, a sovereign wealth fund that is of true global significance and one of the largest reserves of natural gas just offshore, Qatar today has many advantages. It is clear that the country is in a strong position from which to continue its robust economic performance, and the years ahead will see a vast construction drive, in line with the principles of Qatar National Vision 2030 and catalysed by preparations for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. Oil and gas accounted for around 51.5% of Qatar’s economic output in 2013, while developing downstream facilities that add value to energy by-products, for example, has helped build a portfolio of petrochemicals, chemicals and fertiliser companies and looks set to see Qatar’s economic strength continue. With more than $222bn of projects in the pipeline, the construction sector’s growth has been forecast at 15% for 2014, while spending on infrastructure is set to reach $150bn in the run-up to the 2022 FIFA World Cup. Against this backdrop, Qatar looks set to continue offering a wide variety of opportunities for foreign investors.
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