Gafchromic external beam therapy (EBT) films have been widely used in clinical dosimetric applications due to their high sensitivity to ionizing radiation such as X-ray and electron beams. In 2011, International Specialty Products (ISP) introduced a new generation of films called EBT3 film. The films exhibit color changes from light green to darker color with the increment of absorbed doses of ionizing radiation. The color changes of the films are commonly characterized using flatbed reflective scanner, and subsequently being used to predict the absorbed dose. Besides ionizing radiation, EBT3 films have also been proven to have high sensitivity towards ultraviolet radiation, and hence, make it a promising method in measuring solar ultraviolet radiation exposure. This research book presents a comprehensive visible spectroscopy method in characterizing the color changes of EBT3 films specifically for the measurement of solar ultraviolet exposure. The visible spectroscopy method and analysis presented in this book is also applicable for other types of transparent films for radiation dosimetry.
The future of construction industry in a globalized, borderless, technology-driven decade is based upon a number of drivers. The book is written to provide a platform for analysis of the construction industry on some governance and economic issues deemed important and can affect the way construction industry will develop and grow in a particular country, particularly Malaysia. The reference to Malaysia may be similar to some but not all countries. The topics covered include governance, role of state and international organizations, innovations, markets and privatizations as well as sustainability. The book should be a basis for future works or research in some of the areas discussed and should provide a specific reading for students at postgraduate and undergraduate levels. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia
Islamic Economics refers to financial aspects or monetary activities and processes, which adhere to Islamic standards and teachings. The Islamic Economic System relates to the hypothetical development of an economy whose individuals follow the Islamic faith. This book presents an interesting and timely narrative of the concepts of Islamic economics in the context of Islamic culture. Its purpose is to guide individuals and organizations towards a Shariah-based Islamic Economic System. It begins by introducing the Islamic Economic System; its historical origins are explained in the framework of the verses of the Holy Quran, and in light of the Shariah scholars and the philosophical thinkers of the mid-20th century. It discusses concepts such as the evolution of Islamic Fintech and Artificial Intelligence (AI); the relationship between Islamic corporate governance and Islamic Economics; the distribution of wealth in Islam; Islamic Social Finance; Islamic Economic practices in the banking industry, behavioural norms and moral foundations; and Islamic Economics in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and non-OIC countries. The author emphasizes the principles that set Islamic economics apart from traditional systems, grounded in Shariah evidence and highlights the role of Islamic principles in promoting overall business success and ethical practices in the banking industry, offering comparative analysis between Islamic and conventional models, as well as economic systems. Drawing on a rich array of sources, including the Quran and interviews with renowned religious scholars, the book provides a well-rounded and thoroughly researched argument. This book will serve as a valuable resource for academics, scholars, researchers, and organizations seeking to navigate the complexities of an interest-free economic system guided by Islamic principles.
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