Although Russia has generally followed the New York Convention, the UNCITRAL Model Law and the European Convention on Arbitration since the 1990s, it was not until the reforms of 2015–2017 that arbitration in Russia became fully aligned with international commercial arbitration standards. This book by prominent Russian authorities explains the current legal landscape in the aftermath of the reforms, providing clear information and guidance to the worldwide community of arbitrators, dispute resolution practitioners and academics in the field. This book provides comprehensive coverage of current Russian law on domestic and international arbitration, addressing the stages of arbitration proceedings from the conclusion of an arbitration agreement to enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. The authors discuss the major theoretical and practical issues that have occupied the Russian courts and legal scholars over recent decades and draw parallels with other states and accepted international practices, emphasising issues that are of particular importance to foreign investors and their Russian partners. Detailed examinations include the following: regulatory sources; permanent arbitral institutions with government permission to operate; legislative provisions concerning judicial control of arbitration; arbitrability of disputes; interim measures; status of arbitrators and their powers; liability of an arbitrator; rules of evidence in arbitral proceedings; challenging arbitral awards and their enforcement; grounds for refusing enforcement of an international commercial arbitral award; grounds for setting aside of arbitral awards and their enforcement; costs and fees in arbitration; and the public policy exception. This book takes account of both the most significant Russian works on the theory of arbitration law and relevant judicial and arbitration practice. As a comprehensive guide to every aspect of international and domestic arbitration in the Russian Federation, this insightful commentary will be welcomed by legal practitioners worldwide dealing with an ongoing or contemplated arbitration or enforcement of an arbitral award in Russia. It will also serve as a point of reference providing international legal scholars, researchers and students with an authoritative explanation of the legal regulation of arbitration and the approaches adopted in Russian doctrine and legal practice.
Dealing with uncertainty, moving from ignorance to knowledge, is the focus of cognitive processes. Understanding these processes and modelling, designing, and building artificial cognitive systems have long been challenging research problems. This book describes the theory and methodology of a new, scientifically well-founded general approach, and its realization in the form of intelligent systems applicable in disciplines ranging from social sciences, such as cognitive science and sociology, through natural sciences, such as life sciences and chemistry, to applied sciences, such as medicine, education, and engineering. The main subject developed in the book is cognitive reasoning investigated at three levels of abstraction: conceptual, formal, and realizational. The authors offer a model of a cognizing agent for the conceptual theory of cognitive reasoning, and they also present a logically well-founded formal cognitive reasoning framework to handle the various plausible reasoning methods. They conclude with an object model of a cognitive engine. The book is suitable for researchers, scientists, and graduate students working in the areas of artificial intelligence, mathematical logic, and philosophy.
This book describes, using first-person accounts, the history of the development in the Soviet Union and, later, in Russia of an extremely important technical field and how that history was influenced by WWI, WWII, and the Cold War, by government bureaucracy, in both positive and negative ways, by the economic collapse of the Soviet Union, and most importantly, by the dedicated efforts of vast numbers of individuals, including some of the greatest scientific minds of the 20th century. It will make fascinating reading for engineers and scientists who were engaged in similar work in the West, for historians of the Cold War and of the Soviet Union, and for present day researchers who need to learn about Russian scientific contributions.Because of its importance to national security, much of the research and development effort in underwater acoustics was classified during the Cold War, both in the Soviet Union and the United States. This book presents the first declassified accounts of the development of numerous hydroacoustic systems by individuals having first-hand knowledge of the development efforts.
In the years following the Russian Revolution, a bitter civil war was waged between the Bolsheviks, with their Red Army of Workers and Peasants on the one side, and the various groups that constituted the anti-Bolshevik movement on the other. The major anti-Bolshevik force was the White Army, whose leadership consisted of former officers of the Russian imperial army. In the received—and simplified—version of this history, those Jews who were drawn into the political and military conflict were overwhelmingly affiliated with the Reds, while from the start, the Whites orchestrated campaigns of anti-Jewish violence, leading to the deaths of thousands of Jews in pogroms in the Ukraine and elsewhere. In Russian Jews Between the Reds and the Whites, 1917-1920, Oleg Budnitskii provides the first comprehensive historical account of the role of Jews in the Russian Civil War. According to Budnitskii, Jews were both victims and executioners, and while they were among the founders of the Soviet state, they also played an important role in the establishment of the anti-Bolshevik factions. He offers a far more nuanced picture of the policies of the White leadership toward the Jews than has been previously available, exploring such issues as the role of prominent Jewish politicians in the establishment of the White movement of southern Russia, the "Jewish Question" in the White ideology and its international aspects, and the attempts of the Russian Orthodox Church and White diplomacy to forestall the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine. The relationship between the Jews and the Reds was no less complicated. Nearly all of the Jewish political parties severely disapproved of the Bolshevik coup, and the Red Army was hardly without sin when it came to pogroms against the Jews. Budnitskii offers a fresh assessment of the part played by Jews in the establishment of the Soviet state, of the turn in the policies of Jewish socialist parties after the first wave of mass pogroms and their efforts to attract Jews to the Red Army, of Bolshevik policies concerning the Jewish population, and of how these stances changed radically over the course of the Civil War.
This book concludes The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia, an authoritative account of the Soviet Union’s industrial transformation between 1929 and 1939. The volume before this one covered the ‘good years’ (in economic terms) of 1934 to 1936. The present volume has a darker tone: beginning from the Great Terror, it ends with the Hitler-Stalin pact and the outbreak of World War II in Europe. During that time, Soviet society was repeatedly mobilised against internal and external enemies, and the economy provided one of the main arenas for the struggle. This was expressed in waves of repression, intensive rearmament, the increased regimentation of the workforce and the widespread use of forced labour.
This book offers a systematic presentation of cryptographic and code-theoretic aspects of the theory of Boolean functions. Both classical and recent results are thoroughly presented. Prerequisites for the book include basic knowledge of linear algebra, group theory, theory of finite fields, combinatorics, and probability. The book can be used by research mathematicians and graduate students interested in discrete mathematics, coding theory, and cryptography.
ACOUSTIC AND VIBRATIONAL ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY Oil and gas is still a major energy source all over the world, and techniques like these, which are more environmentally friendly and inexpensive than many previous development and production technologies, are important for making fossil fuels more sustainable and less hazardous to the environment. Based on research they did in the 1970s in Russia and the United States, the authors discovered that oil rate production increased noticeably several days after the occurrence of an earthquake when the epicenter of the earthquake was located in the vicinity of the oil producing field. The increase in oil flow remained higher for a considerable period of time, and it led to a decade-long study both in the Russia and the US, which gradually focused on the use of acoustic/vibrational energy for enhanced oil recovery after reservoirs waterflooded. In the 1980s, they noticed in soil remediation studies that sonic energy applied to soil increases the rate of hydrocarbon removal and decreases the percentage of residual hydrocarbons. In the past several decades, the use of various seismic vibration techniques have been used in various countries and have resulted in incremental oil production. This outstanding new volume validates results of vibro-stimulation tests for enhanced oil recovery, using powerful surface-based vibro-seismic sources. It proves that the rate of displacement of oil by water increases and the percentage of nonrecoverable residual oil decreases if vibro-energy is applied to the porous medium containing oil. Audience: Petroleum Engineers, Chemical Engineers, Earthquake and Energy engineers, Environmental Engineers, Geotechnical Engineers, Mining and Geological Engineers, Sustainability Engineers, Physicists, Chemists, Geologists, and other professionals working in this field
This book is based on lectures given at "Mekhmat", the Department of Mechanics and Mathematics at Moscow State University, one of the top mathematical departments worldwide, with a rich tradition of teaching functional analysis. Featuring an advanced course on real and functional analysis, the book presents not only core material traditionally included in university courses of different levels, but also a survey of the most important results of a more subtle nature, which cannot be considered basic but which are useful for applications. Further, it includes several hundred exercises of varying difficulty with tips and references. The book is intended for graduate and PhD students studying real and functional analysis as well as mathematicians and physicists whose research is related to functional analysis.
The monograph presents the legal regulation system of land ownership relations in the law of continental European countries, English common law and Russian law. The concepts of ownership right and land ownership right existing in civil law, common law and Russian land law are analyzed. The land ownership right is considered as a complex legal institution regulated by the constitutional, civil, and land law norms, as well as legislation on planning the use of land, on environmental protection, water, forestry, on the subsoil, on the protection of historical and cultural sites, etc. The monograph is targeted to students, graduate students and teachers of law schools, employees of legislative, executive and judicial authorities, as well as for all those interested in land ownership issues.
Although Russia has generally followed the New York Convention, the UNCITRAL Model Law and the European Convention on Arbitration since the 1990s, it was not until the reforms of 2015–2017 that arbitration in Russia became fully aligned with international commercial arbitration standards. This book by prominent Russian authorities explains the current legal landscape in the aftermath of the reforms, providing clear information and guidance to the worldwide community of arbitrators, dispute resolution practitioners and academics in the field. This book provides comprehensive coverage of current Russian law on domestic and international arbitration, addressing the stages of arbitration proceedings from the conclusion of an arbitration agreement to enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. The authors discuss the major theoretical and practical issues that have occupied the Russian courts and legal scholars over recent decades and draw parallels with other states and accepted international practices, emphasising issues that are of particular importance to foreign investors and their Russian partners. Detailed examinations include the following: regulatory sources; permanent arbitral institutions with government permission to operate; legislative provisions concerning judicial control of arbitration; arbitrability of disputes; interim measures; status of arbitrators and their powers; liability of an arbitrator; rules of evidence in arbitral proceedings; challenging arbitral awards and their enforcement; grounds for refusing enforcement of an international commercial arbitral award; grounds for setting aside of arbitral awards and their enforcement; costs and fees in arbitration; and the public policy exception. This book takes account of both the most significant Russian works on the theory of arbitration law and relevant judicial and arbitration practice. As a comprehensive guide to every aspect of international and domestic arbitration in the Russian Federation, this insightful commentary will be welcomed by legal practitioners worldwide dealing with an ongoing or contemplated arbitration or enforcement of an arbitral award in Russia. It will also serve as a point of reference providing international legal scholars, researchers and students with an authoritative explanation of the legal regulation of arbitration and the approaches adopted in Russian doctrine and legal practice.
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