Contains everything that a project team needs to know about the development and deployment of Web services with the IBM WebSphere product family. Includes examples for all development artifacts in a format that can be reused in the reader’s project. The text combines the authors’ own practical experiences with consolidated information on the latest product capabilities in a unique approach that allows the book to be easily accessible to a broad spectrum of readers. Finding a balance between a euphoric/optimistic and down-to earth/realistic view on the subject, this book should sit on every Web service developer’s bookshelf.
Proven Patterns for Designing Evolvable High-Quality APIs--For Any Domain, Technology, or Platform APIs enable breakthrough innovation and digital transformation in organizations and ecosystems of all kinds. To create user-friendly, reliable and well-performing APIs, architects, designers, and developers need expert design guidance. This practical guide cuts through the complexity of API conversations and their message contents, introducing comprehensive guidelines and heuristics for designing APIs sustainably and specifying them clearly, for whatever technologies or platforms you use. In Patterns for API Design: Simplifying Integration with Loosely Coupled Message Exchanges, five expert architects and developers cover the entire API lifecycle, from launching projects and establishing goals through defining requirements, elaborating designs, planning evolution, and creating useful documentation. They crystallize the collective knowledge of many practitioners into 44 API design patterns, consistently explained with context, pros and cons, conceptual solutions, and concrete examples. To make their pattern language accessible, they present a domain model, a running case study, decision narratives with pattern selection options and criteria, and walkthroughs of real-world projects applying the patterns in two different industries. Identify and overcome API design challenges with patterns Size your endpoint types and operations adequately Design request and response messages and their representations Refine your message design for quality Plan to evolve your APIs Document and communicate your API contracts Combine patterns to solve real-world problems and make the right tradeoffs "This book provides a healthy mix of theory and practice, containing numerous nuggets of deep advice but never losing the big picture . . . grounded in real-world experience and documented with academic rigor applied and practitioner community feedback incorporated. I am confident that [it] will serve the community well, today and tomorrow." --Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. Frank Leymann, Managing Director, Institute of Architecture of Application Systems, University of Stuttgart
In the face of great challenges, utopian thinking is currently in vogue. The fact that utopias, with their ideas of an idealized target society, are not compatible with the basic features of an Open Society was already pointed out by Karl Popper in his book 'Die Offene Gesellschaft und ihre Feinde' (The Open Society and its Enemies) under the impression of National Socialism and Stalinism. In the present book, further forms of Closed Societies and the principal similarities (and differences) of their construction are examined. This is done by drawing on Ralf Dahrendorf's concept of life chances, in which he deals with the interaction of options and ligatures. The ambivalence of Dahrendorf's understanding of ligatures, since they restrict options on the one hand, but also give them meaning on the other, is resolved by a threefold differentiation: into ethical and moral, internally and externally directed, and explicit and implicit ligatures. While the former are capable of enabling life chances, the latter tend to limit them. Based on this, the authors elaborate on the landscape (side) consequences of various closed societies and how ill-suited they are for dealing with current challenges.
This book is oriented on testing and developing the neopragmatic approach of horizontal geographies, in which we follow approaches of natural sciences, social sciences, and cultural studies. Regional focus is thereby put on a rapidly changing elemental space and its social representations, characterized by unstable and not well-defined hybridities: coastal Louisiana. This region is highly dynamic: the Mississippi River in particular, with its extensive sediments, has shifted the coastal fringe of present-day Louisiana into the Gulf of Mexico. This land gain is contrasted by natural processes, but also by processes resultant of human intervention which cause marine encroachment. A complex interplay of different aspects is directly and indirectly leading to coastal land loss which makes the question of how to describe emerging hybrid spaces virulent and highlights the limits of a positivist understanding of boundaries that is also physically geographical. In the neopragmatic tradition, positivist research findings will be framed in social constructivist terms and supplemented by phenomenological approaches to Louisiana's coastal space, thus suggesting the need for and potentials of horizontal geographic integration of different theoretical and methodological approaches as well as researcher perspectives and data bases.
The CISG is now being applied extensively both by international arbitral tribunals and by domestic courts of its more than 70 contracting states. But do they also apply it in the same manner? Although Article 7 of the CISG underscores "the need to promote uniformity in its application", it gives little guidance as to how to achieve this goal. Each judge and arbitrator is influenced by the legal methodology of his home jurisdiction. Therefore it is somewhat of a paradox that whilst the number of contracting states is constantly increasing so too is the threat of variation in application. In this book the most important issues of the CISG's methodology are analysed by leading experts from five continents. Whereas some authors provide a thorough analysis of the central topics of interpretation, others enter almost uncharted territories.
This thesis presents certifying system translations. This is a technique to guarantee the correctness of system translations. When conducting a translation of a system we compare for each translation the original and translated systems and decide whether the translation has been carried out correctly. This decision is based on a certificate generated during the translation process. Thus, we guarantee correctness of translations by verifying each translation run instead of the translation algorithm and its implementation.
This book examines the power definiteness of landscape from a social constructivist perspective with a particular focus on the importance of aesthetic concepts of landscape in development. It seeks to answer the question of how societal notions of landscape emerge, how they are individually updated and how these ideas affect the use and design of physical space. It also analyzes how physical manifestations of societal activity impact on understandings of individual and societal landscapes and addresses the essential aspect of the social construction of landscape, cultural specificity, which in turn is discussed in the context of the expansion of a western landscape concept. The book offers an unprecedented, comprehensive and detailed examination of societal power relations in the context of landscape development. The numerous case studies from the physical manifestation of modern spatial planning in the United States, the power discourses concerning the design of model railway landscapes, and the medial production of stereotypical landscape notions shed light on the complex and multilayered interactions of collective and individual landscape references. It is a valuable resource for geographers, sociologists, landscape architects, landscape planners and philosophers.
The “Harvard Balanced Scorecard model” by Kaplan and Norton wishes to make strategies communicable and more manageable for companies across all management levels within the company. To this effect, the balanced scorecard is a qualitative controlling or performance management instrument.
In this proceedings volume we provide a compilation of article contributions equally covering applications from different research fields and ranging from capacity up to capability computing. Besides classical computing aspects such as parallelization, the focus of these proceedings is on multi-scale approaches and methods for tackling algorithm and data complexity. Also practical aspects regarding the usage of the HPC infrastructure and available tools and software at the SCC are presented.
Scattered through the vast expanse of stone and sand that makes up Egypt’s Western Desert are several oases. These islands of green in the midst of the Sahara owe their existence to springs and wells drawing on ancient aquifers. In antiquity, as today, they supported agricultural communities, going back to Neolithic times but expanding greatly in the millennium from the Saite pharaohs to the Roman emperors. New technologies of irrigation and transportation made the oases integral parts of an imperial economy. Amheida, ancient Trimithis, was one of those oasis communities. Located in the western part of the Dakhla Oasis, it was an important regional center, reaching a peak in the Roman period before being abandoned. Over the past decade, excavations at this well-preserved site have revealed its urban layout and brought to light houses, streets, a bath, a school, and a church. The only standing brick pyramid of the Roman period in Egypt has been restored. Wall-paintings, temple reliefs, pottery, and texts all contribute to give a lively sense of its political, religious, economic, and cultural life. This book presents these aspects of the city’s existence and its close ties to the Nile valley, by way of long desert roads, in an accessible and richly illustrated fashion.
This book explores the importance of freedom and liberalism in the context of socialities, individualities and materialities. The authors provide a highly unusual and innovative blending of concepts about space and landscape through a deeply theoretical exploration of liberalism. Liberalism is often problematized in contemporary discussions with regard to gentrification, environmental problems and inequality. In contrast, this book refers to a liberalism that maximizes life chances in the context of dealing with spaces. A connection between freedom and space, based on liberal ideas, provides a much needed theoretical intervention in the fields of social and spatial sciences.
This book explains compactly, without theoretical superstructure and with as little mathematical formalism as possible, the essential concepts in the encryption of messages and data worthy of protection. The focus is on the description of the historically and practically important cipher, signature and authentication methods. Both symmetric encryption and public-key ciphers are discussed. In each case, the strategies used to attack and attempt to "crack" encryption are also discussed. Special emphasis is placed on the practical use of ciphers, especially in the everyday environment. The book is suitable for working groups at STEM schools and STEM teacher training, for introductory courses at universities as well as for interested students and adults.
This book provides an up-to-date overview of the various wood and tree fungi that damage trees, lumber, and timber. Special focus is given to identification, prevention, and remediation techniques, and the book bridges the gap between research and application. It covers the fundamentals of cytology and morphology. There is a more practical section describing damage by viruses and bacteria on trees. The habitats of wood fungi are described as well as tree care. Important tree pathogens and wood decay fungi are characterized for prevention and identification. The final section focuses on the positive effects of wood-inhabiting microorganisms.
This book, by an eminent scientist and philosopher, provides strong evidence for the claim that language is a general principle of Nature, rooted exclusively in physical and chemical laws. The author’s radical idea inevitably leads us to view the essence, origin and evolution of life in a completely new light. It shifts the coordinates of our scientific world-view in favor of an overarching concept of language that is able to bridge the gap between matter and mind. At the same time, it removes a blind spot in the Darwinian concept of evolution. To justify this far-reaching idea, the book takes a long and deep look at our scientific and philosophical thinking, at language as such, at science’s claim to truth, and at its methods, unity, limits and perspectives. These are the cornerstones structuring the book into six thematically self-contained chapters, rounded off by an epilogue that introduces the new topic of Nature’s semantics. The range of issues covered is a testimony to how progress in the life sciences is transforming the whole edifice of science, from physics to biology and beyond. The book is aimed at a broad academic and general readership; it requires no mathematical expertise.
This volume provides a basic introduction to the philosophy of science and its central concepts, theories, and philosophical, scientific, and spatial positions and approaches.
Transfer prices (TP) are charged for products or services exchanged between units within a decentralized organization. A vast body of literature from three very different academic disciplines (legal, management and economics) is concerned with the topic of Transfer Pricing. Their perspectives as well as terminology differ and are sometimes not aligned. To abate this, the article proposes a unified taxonomy on Transfer Prices that distinguishes three very distinct characteristics of any TP: its Determination Method (consisting of both its Calculation Method and its Price Method), and the Determination Process by which the TP is installed. The aim of this is to guide future academic re-search and provide academics and business practitioners alike with precise language and logical structure for the design of Transfer Pricing Systems.
The present work supplements the original volume of A Bibliography of Islamic Criminal Law, the most extensive bibliography on Islamic criminal law ever compiled. Drawing on a multitude of sources online and offline this bibliography covers in its thematic section not only the classical crime categories of ḥudūd, qiṣāṣ and taʿzīr but also a large number of newly emerging and related fields. In a second section, dedicated to countries, eras and institutions Olaf Köndgen comprehensively covers the historical and modern application of Islamic criminal law in all its forms. Unlocking the richness of this sub-field of Islamic law, also with the help of two detailed indices, this innovative reference work is highly relevant for all those researching Islamic law in general and the application of Islamic criminal law over time in particular.
In recent years, the global creative economy has experienced unprecedented growth. Considerable research has been conducted to determine what exactly the creative economy is, what occupations are grouped together as such, and how it is to be measured. Organizations on various scales, from the United Nations to local governments, have released ‘creative’ or ‘cultural’ economy reports, developed policies for creative urban renewal, and directed attention to creative placemaking – the purposeful infusion of creative activity into specific urban environments. Parallel to these research and policy interests, academic institutions and professional organizations have begun a serious discussion about training programs for future professionals in the creative and cultural industries. We now have entire colleges offering undergraduate and graduate programs, leading to degrees in arts management, arts entrepreneurship, cultural management, cultural entrepreneurship or cultural economics. And many professional organizations offer specialized training and certificates in cultural heritage, museums studies, entertainment and film. In this book, we bring together over fifty scholars from across the globe to shed light on what we collectively call ‘cultural entrepreneurship’ – the training of professionals for the creative industries who will be change agents and resourceful visionaries that organize cultural, financial, social and human capital, to generate revenue from a cultural and creative activity. Part I of this volume begins with the observation that the creative industries - and the cultural entrepreneurship generated within them - are a global phenomenon. An increasingly mobile, international workforce is moving cultural goods and services across national boundaries at unprecedented rates. As a result, the education of cultural professionals engaged in global commerce has become equally internationalized. Part II looks into the emergence of cultural entrepreneurship as a new academic discipline, and interrogates the theoretical foundations that inform the pedagogy and training for the creative industries. Design thinking, humanities, poetics, risk, strategy and the artist/entrepreneur dichotomy are at the heart of this discussion. Part III showcases the design of cultural entrepreneurship curricula, and the pedagogies employed in teaching artists and culture industry specialists. Our authors examine pedagogy and curriculum at various scales and in national and international contexts, from the creation of entire new schools to undergraduate/graduate programs. Part IV provides case studies that focus on industry- or sector-specific training, skills-based courses (information technology, social media, entrepreneurial competitions), and more. Part V concludes the book with selected examples of practitioner training for the cultural industries, as it is offered outside of academia. In addition, this section provides examples of how professionals outside of academia have informed academic training and course work. Readers will find conceptual frameworks for building new programs for the creative industries, examples of pedagogical approaches and skillsbased training that are based on research and student assessments, and concrete examples of program and course implementation.
Social media has received considerable attention, and many potential benefits, as well as concerns, are now being discussed. This book explores how social media can successfully support business processes in marketing, sales and service in the context of customer relationship management (CRM). It presents the fundamentals of Social CRM and shows how small and large companies alike have implemented it. In turn, the book presents analytic and operational software tools that offer features for enhancing and streamlining interactions with customers. The book concludes with an overview of essential design areas that businesses need to bear in mind when introducing social media into their CRM strategies. In this regard, it also points out key success factors, limitations, and data protection aspects.
This book addresses the highly differentiated spatial, social, cultural and demographic structure(s) of Germany, with a particular focus on the reciprocal relations between different levels of spatial development. The historical development of Germany serves as a background in order to provide context for the development of spatially relevant ideas and ideals (whether in relation to politics, landscape, or culture). In this regard, questions of divergence and convergence become highly salient. The book makes the complexity of spatial and social developments in Germany comprehensible. The neopragmatic approach adopted here allows bringing together different theoretical strands while providing a basis for independent regional geographic research at the same time. Beginning with an overview of the physical structures of Germany which provides the material point of departure for the societal development of Germany, key aspects of the German history are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the reciprocal influence between material substrate and notions of landscape. Here, specific ‘German’ trajectories of aesthetic and normative conceptions of landscape become clear. A common theme throughout the book are questions of divergence and of efforts towards convergence, which become evident when considering past and present economic, political, and demographic developments. Efforts to tackle current challenges, such as adapting to climate change and mitigating it, or securing raw materials, also become apparent. The complexity of spatial processes in Germany is illustrated in case study regions dealing with the challenges of structural change in traditional industrial regions (such as the Ruhr area), or e.g. efforts of Berlin to position and find itself as the capital of a unified Germany. Overall, the book shows how theory-driven regional geographic research can make spatiotemporal complexities tangible and comprehensible.
Written for practitioners in the field, this critically acclaimed bestseller provides authoritative information focused on the investigation of drug-related deaths and practical approaches to the detection of drug abuse. Organized to provide forensic investigators and pathologists with ready access to the authoritative and comprehensive information
Proven Patterns for Designing Evolvable High-Quality APIs--For Any Domain, Technology, or Platform APIs enable breakthrough innovation and digital transformation in organizations and ecosystems of all kinds. To create user-friendly, reliable and well-performing APIs, architects, designers, and developers need expert design guidance. This practical guide cuts through the complexity of API conversations and their message contents, introducing comprehensive guidelines and heuristics for designing APIs sustainably and specifying them clearly, for whatever technologies or platforms you use. In Patterns for API Design: Simplifying Integration with Loosely Coupled Message Exchanges, five expert architects and developers cover the entire API lifecycle, from launching projects and establishing goals through defining requirements, elaborating designs, planning evolution, and creating useful documentation. They crystallize the collective knowledge of many practitioners into 44 API design patterns, consistently explained with context, pros and cons, conceptual solutions, and concrete examples. To make their pattern language accessible, they present a domain model, a running case study, decision narratives with pattern selection options and criteria, and walkthroughs of real-world projects applying the patterns in two different industries. Identify and overcome API design challenges with patterns Size your endpoint types and operations adequately Design request and response messages and their representations Refine your message design for quality Plan to evolve your APIs Document and communicate your API contracts Combine patterns to solve real-world problems and make the right tradeoffs "This book provides a healthy mix of theory and practice, containing numerous nuggets of deep advice but never losing the big picture . . . grounded in real-world experience and documented with academic rigor applied and practitioner community feedback incorporated. I am confident that [it] will serve the community well, today and tomorrow." --Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. Frank Leymann, Managing Director, Institute of Architecture of Application Systems, University of Stuttgart
Contains everything that a project team needs to know about the development and deployment of Web services with the IBM WebSphere product family. Includes examples for all development artifacts in a format that can be reused in the reader’s project. The text combines the authors’ own practical experiences with consolidated information on the latest product capabilities in a unique approach that allows the book to be easily accessible to a broad spectrum of readers. Finding a balance between a euphoric/optimistic and down-to earth/realistic view on the subject, this book should sit on every Web service developer’s bookshelf.
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