This Handbook is sure to become a key resource for any researcher or professional looking for the latest and most innovative thinking from around the world on the full range of topics related to training, development, and performance management." Bradford S. Bell, PhD, Cornell University, USA. Editor, Personnel Psychology "I wish I could have accessed this book many years ago. Comprehensive and scholarly, the four sections training, e-learning, personal and professional development and performance management fit well together and address a gap in the literature that has been apparent for some time. The psychological perspective speaks to growing interest in the micro-foundations of strategic success, and the blending together of both formal and informal perspectives on learning in organizations ensures a holistic rather than piecemeal approach to the question of how to build individual knowledge, skills, and competences in organizations. I believe that this book will make a significant impact on its target audience in this critical area." Helen Shipton, Professor of International Human Resource Management, Nottingham Trent University, UK The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of the Psychology of Training, Development, and Performance Improvement provides up-to-date, contemporary information for researchers and professionals by reviewing the latest literature and research in the interconnected fields of training, development, and performance appraisal. It brings a psychological perspective to bear on a multidisciplinary field that links to management, human resources, and education. Unique to reference works in this area, it maintains a truly global focus on the field with top international contributors looking at research and practice from around the world, including South America, Europe, Canada, and Australia, as well as the United States and the United Kingdom. The chapters cover a diverse range of important contemporary topics, such as needs analysis, job design, active learning, self-regulation, simulation approaches, 360-degree feedback, and virtual learning environments. Together, they offer researchers and professionals essential information for building a talented organization, a critical and challenging task for organizational success in the twenty-first century.
Molecular Fluorescence This second edition of the well-established bestseller is completely updated and revised with approximately 30 % additional material, including two new chapters on applications, which has seen the most significant developments. The comprehensive overview written at an introductory level covers fundamental aspects, principles of instrumentation and practical applications, while providing many valuable tips. For photochemists and photophysicists, physical chemists, molecular physicists, biophysicists, biochemists and biologists, lecturers and students of chemistry, physics, and biology.
Polymers from natural sources are particularly useful as biomaterials and in regenerative medicine, given their similarity to the extracellular matrix and other polymers in the human body. This important book reviews the wealth of research on both tried and promising new natural-based biomedical polymers, together with their applications as implantable biomaterials, controlled-release carriers or scaffolds for tissue engineering.The first part of the book reviews the sources, processing and properties of natural-based polymers for biomedical applications. Part two describes how the surfaces of polymer-based biomaterials can be modified to improve their functionality. The third part of the book discusses the use of natural-based polymers for biodegradable scaffolds and hydrogels in tissue engineering. Building on this foundation, Part four looks at the particular use of natural-gelling polymers for encapsulation, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The penultimate group of chapters reviews the use of natural-based polymers as delivery systems for drugs, hormones, enzymes and growth factors. The final part of the book summarises research on the key issue of biocompatibility.Natural-based polymers for biomedical applications is a standard reference for biomedical engineers, those studying and researching in this important area, and the medical community. - Examines the sources, processing and properties of natural based polymers for biomedical applications - Explains how the surfaces of polymer based biomaterials can be modified to improve their functionality - Discusses the use of natural based polymers for hydrogels in tissue engineering, and in particular natural gelling polymers for encapsulation and regenerative medicine
This is the first English-language study of internationally acclaimed Portuguese filmmaker Pedro Costa, examining the cultural, production and exhibition contexts of his feature films, shorts and video installations. It situates Costa's filmmaking within the contexts of Portuguese, European and global art film, looking into his working practices alongside the impact of digital video, forms of collaborative authorship, and the intricate dialogue between modes of production and aesthetics. Considering the exhibition, circulation and reception of Costa's creative output in settings such as film festivals, the art gallery circuit and the home video market, ReFocus: The Films of Pedro Costa provides an essential critical analysis of this major filmmaker - as well as of the multifaceted production and consumption practices that surround contemporary art cinema.
Derived from the renowned multi-volume International Encyclopaedia of Laws, this book provides ready access to how the legal dimension of prevention against harm and loss allocation is treated in Portugal. This traditional branch of law not only tackles questions which concern every lawyer, whatever his legal expertise, but also concerns each person’s most fundamental rights on a worldwide scale. Following a general introduction that probes the distinction between tort and crime and the relationship between tort and contract, the monograph describes how the concepts of fault and unlawfulness, and of duty of care and negligence, are dealt with in both the legislature and the courts. The book then proceeds to cover specific cases of liability, such as professional liability, liability of public bodies, abuse of rights, injury to reputation and privacy, vicarious liability, liability of parents and teachers, liability for handicapped persons, product liability, environmental liability, and liability connected with road and traffic accidents. Principles of causation, grounds of justification, limitations on recovery, assessment of damages and compensation, and the role of private insurance and social security are all closely considered. Its succinct yet scholarly nature, as well as the practical quality of the information it provides, make this book a valuable resource for lawyers Portugal. Academics and researchers will also welcome this very useful guide, and will appreciate its value not only as a contribution to comparative law but also as a stimulus to harmonization of the rules on tort.
Fracture and Fatigue Characterisation of Cortical Bone Tissue is a key guide to bone fracture and fatigue, focusing on quasi-static and fatigue-fracture characterisation of cortical bone tissue. Discussing the fundamental aspects of fracture mechanics and fatigue, which are applicable to many orthotropic materials, this book examines novel, cutting-edge approaches to analyse and model bone fracture and fatigue. As the population ages across the globe, bone fracture and fatigue has become a fundamental part of mechanical and biomedical engineering research. Beginning with a thorough description of fracture mechanics and fatigue, the book describes non-linear fracture mechanics under quasi-static and fatigue analyses. It goes on to present a cohesive zone modelling method which is appropriate for mode I, mode II and mixed-mode I+II loading. Presenting the latest research, this book describes cutting-edge fracture tests, new methods for data reduction purposes and numerical models based on cohesive zone modelling. This book is key to aiding both students and professionals in applying fundamental theories and methods to cortical bone tissue. The book will be of interest to students and professionals working in mechanical engineering and biomedical engineering, including work on quasi-static fracture, fracture under fatigue loading, artificial bones and fracture mechanisms.
This book presents an analysis of active ageing and physical activity from a multidisciplinary perspective. With descriptions of exercises, adequately illustrated with pictures, this book shows that regular physical activity reduces the prevalence of chronic diseases associated with ageing, as well as the risk of morbidity and mortality of the elderly. It confirms that exercise programs minimize the psychomotor decline, prevent the loss of functionality, inability and dementia, and foster significant gains in health and well-being, leading to increased quality of life of the elderly.
Wood Fracture Characterization provides a guide to the application of modern fracture mechanics concepts to wood materials used in structural engineering, which commonly involve discontinuities and irregularities. The authors cover the tests, data reduction schemes and numerical methods devised for wood structural applications, based on cohesive zone analysis, and used to validate experimental-based methodologies. Five detailed Case Studies are included to link theory with engineering practice. This important new text explains the basics of fracture mechanics, and extends them as needed to cover the special behaviour of an anisotropic wood materials.
Seafood is one of the most traded commodities worldwide. It is thus imperative that all companies and official control agencies ensure seafood safety and quality throughout the supply chain. Written in an accessible and succinct style, Food Safety in Seafood Industry: A practical guide for ISO 22000 and FSSC 22000 implementation brings together in one volume key information for those wanting to implement ISO 22000 or FSSC 22000 in the seafood manufacturing industry. Concise and highly practical, this book comprises: a presentation of seafood industry and its future perspectives the description of the main hazards associated to seafood (including an annexe featuring the analysis of notifications related with such hazards published by Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed - RASFF) interpretation of ISO 22000 clauses together with practical examples adapted to the seafood manufacturing industry the presentation of the most recent food safety scheme FSSC 22000 and the interpretation of the additional clauses that this scheme introduces when compared to ISO 22000 This practical guide is a valuable resource for seafood industry quality managers, food technologists, managers, consultants, professors and students. This book is a tool and a vehicle for further cooperation and information interchange around seafood safety and food safety systems. QR codes can be found throughout the book; when scanned they will allow the reader to contact the authors directly, know their personal views on each chapter and even access or request more details on the book content. We encourage the readers to use the QR codes or contact the editors via e-mail (foodsatefybooks@gmail.com) or Twitter (@foodsafetybooks) to make comments, suggestions or questions and to know how to access the Extended Book Content.
In articles for the newspaper O Brado Africano in the mid-1950s, poet and journalist José Craveirinha described the ways in which the Mozambican football players in the suburbs of Lourenço Marques (now Maputo) adapted the European sport to their own expressive ends. Through gesture, footwork, and patois, they used what Craveirinha termed “malice”—or cunning—to negotiate their places in the colonial state. “These manifestations demand a vast study,” Craveirinha wrote, “which would lead to a greater knowledge of the black man, of his problems, of his clashes with European civilization, in short, to a thorough treatise of useful and instructive ethnography.” In Football and Colonialism, Nuno Domingos accomplishes that study. Ambitious and meticulously researched, the work draws upon an array of primary sources, including newspapers, national archives, poetry and songs, and interviews with former footballers. Domingos shows how local performances and popular culture practices became sites of an embodied history of Mozambique. The work will break new ground for scholars of African history and politics, urban studies, popular culture, and gendered forms of domination and resistance.
Biomedical Chemistry provides readers with an understanding of how fundamental chemical concepts are used to combat some diseases. The authors explain the interdisciplinary relationship of chemistry with biology, physics, pharmacy and medicine. The results of chemical research can be applied to understand chemical processes in cells and in the body, and new methods for drug transportation. Also, basic chemical ideas and determination of disease etiology are approached by developing techniques to ensure optimum interaction between drugs and human cells. This Book is an excellent resource for students and researchers in health-related fields with frontier topics in medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry, organic chemistry and biochemistry.
In this groundbreaking cookbook, Lisbon native and internationally renowned chef Nuno Mendes reveals the alluring food of one of the great undiscovered culinary centers of Europe. Sharing recipes inspired by the dishes that he grew up eating, Mendes takes you to his beloved Lisbon, revealing the secrets for re-creating the city's most vibrant dishes. Via evocative essays and luminous photography, Mendes gives recipes for delicious bolas de Berlim (fluffy doughnuts often sold on the beach), sizzling squid with coriander, and roasted orange-rub pork belly with fennel. This is a heart-warming and intimate look at a city with a modern, bustling food scene that is nevertheless steeped in centuries-old traditions. Mendes's portraits of Lisbon's idiosyncrasies are threaded throughout the pages: impromptu sardine grills, endless snacking, and city-wide street carnivals. With gorgeous location photography, this book will bring to life Portugal's magnificent capital city and its fabulous cuisine.
I look beyond solution; I look for an expression."--Eduardo Souto de Moura The architect Eduardo Souto de Moura (b. 1952) has won many accolades, including the 2011 Pritzker Architecture Prize. Based in Porto, Souto de Moura studied under Fernando Távora and worked under fellow Portuguese architect Álvaro Siza, with whom he continues to collaborate. Souto de Moura established his own practice in 1980, and his wide-ranging influences, including Mies van der Rohe and Donald Judd, can be seen in the stunning variety of his work, from his acclaimed private houses, to the striking Paula Rego Museum in Cascais and the Braga Municipal Stadium, to his work in historical contexts such as the Convento das Bernardas in Tavira. This beautifully illustrated retrospective provides the most comprehensive account of Souto de Moura's career to date. Drawings, notes and sketches from his archive, and newly commissioned photographs complement essays by scholars and prominent architects that trace Souto de Moura's career, contextualize his work within the larger trends of contemporary international architectural culture, and highlight the originality of his design strategy.
The Nature and command of the available forces; inter-organizational coordination; coherence between politics, strategy, operations and tactics; and finally, time. Wellington, Spínola and Petraeus led the effort of vast civilian and military teams that, at different periods of history and in distinct geographical settings, had the opportunity to apply a holistic command using, to varying degrees, the above four dimensions. What they achieved from the experiences they led, and the doctrines they used, from what the reality on the ground showed to them and from the concurrent political decisions that were imposed on them, limiting their own political and strategic action, is all an important part of this comprehensive study. By studying the applicability in the situations of Wellington, Spínola and Petraeus, it was possible to extrapolate a general theory about the holistic command of war. One that is masterfully presented for discussion in this work.
Recognized since its first edition as the preeminent work on its subject, this incomparable book thoroughly and expertly examines the intricacies of the provisions concerning trademarks and industrial designs enshrined in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (the TRIPS Agreement). It is organized as a paragraph-by-paragraph annotated text of the Agreement, with detailed commentary not only on the articles specifically dealing with industrial property but also on every clause in the agreement that could affect the protection of trademarks and/or designs. The fourth edition brings the author's prodigious analysis of case law, dispute settlements, ongoing scholarship and other pertinent developments fully up to date. With the authority and in-depth experience of a former long-time WIPO official with unparalleled knowledge of WTO Members' practices in implementing TRIPS provisions, Nuno Pires de Carvalho brings his practical insight and vast scholarship to such complex questions as the following: • What are signs that can constitute trademarks? Which elements assist in identifying a well-known mark? • What are the limitations on the protection of non visually perceptible marks like sounds, scents and tastes? • What lessons can we learn so far from the Dispute Settlement Mechanism? • What are WTO Members' obligations as regards marks that relate to goods and services that offend religious and moral values? Are they obliged to register and protect them? • How strict is the TRIPS Agreement as regards the use of industrial property in relation to public policies? Are private rights limitless? Are they enforceable no matter what? The recent worldwide phenomenon of measures involving the use of trademarks to pursue public health goals through plain packaging schemes is thoroughly analyzed and evaluated. Lawyers, judges, scholars and government officials will find a wealth of information and legal analysis in this new edition of that will help them identify new approaches and solutions to problems of trademark and design law posed by the implementation of the TRIPS Agreement. With its combination of practically focused article-by-article commentary and scholarly analysis and insight, this edition will be an invaluable resource to all those who wish to understand industrial property at a deeper level.
Whilst advances in biotechnology and information technology have undoubtedly resulted in better quality of life for mankind, they can also bring about global problems. The legal response to the challenges caused by the rapid progress of technological change has been slow and the question of how international human rights should be protected and promoted with respect to science and technology remains unexplored. The contributors to this book explore the political discourse and power relations of technological growth and human rights issues between the Global South and the Global North and uncover the different perspectives of both regions. They investigate the conflict between technology and human rights and the perpetuation of inequality and subjection of the South to the North. With emerging economies such as Brazil playing a major role in trade, investment and financial law, the book examines how human rights are affected in Southern countries and identifies significant challenges to reform in the areas of international law and policy.
From typical metrology parameters for common wireless and microwave components to the implementation of measurement benches, this introduction to metrology contains all the key information on the subject. Using it, readers will be able to: • Interpret and measure most of the parameters described in a microwave component's datasheet • Understand the practical limitations and theoretical principles of instrument operation • Combine several instruments into measurement benches for measuring microwave and wireless quantities. Several practical examples are included, demonstrating how to measure intermodulation distortion, error vector magnitude, S-parameters and large signal waveforms. Each chapter then ends with a set of exercises, allowing readers to test their understanding of the material covered and making the book equally suited for course use and for self-study.
From Babylon to the Silicon Valley—The Origins and Evolution of Intellectual Property A Sourcebook Nuno Pires de Carvalho At its core, intellectual property today is the same as it was six thousand years ago: an instrument for the assertion of the identities of merchants and manufacturers in their struggle to lure customers with honesty and fairness. It arises spontaneously whenever and wherever entrepreneurs carry out their professions in an environment of competition. This masterful book, the first of its kind, presents more than two hundred sources going back to ancient Egypt, sharply detailing the evolution of intellectual property right up to its current prominence in global trade and international law. Highlighting important moments in the evolution of the intellectual property, the author—one of the world’s best known authorities in the field—assembles his chosen sources in a way that sheds definitive light on such aspects as the following: early origins in the appropriation of differentiating assets by merchants and manufacturers; evolution of trademark law up to the adoption of the TRIPS Agreement; evolution of patent law, demonstrating in detail how English and U.S. courts moulded its modern interpretation; differentiation of industrial designs; the comparatively modern development of trade secrets law; origins and evolution of international protection through treaties and free trade agreements; and the prodigious expansion of intellectual property law in the past few decades to previously unprotected areas of business and professional activity. The sources—many translated into English for the first time—are preceded when appropriate by brief notes explaining their context and relevance. The book closes with a chapter on contemporary debates, such as new areas of protection and new social controversies. As a compilation of sources that would be otherwise unavailable to most readers, this factual and impartial account of why and how intellectual property has emerged and evolved is a treasure trove for all those interested in how the imperatives of civilization have designed and continue to design the scope and the limits of intellectual property. The book will be warmly welcomed by practitioners seeking a deeper understanding of their working tools, as well as by academics, government officials, and relevant international organizations around the world.
This book presents the study, design, modulation, optimization and implementation of low power, passive DT-ΣΔMs for use in audio applications. The high gain and bandwidth amplifier normally used for integration in ΣΔ modulation, is replaced by passive, switched-capacitor branches working under the Ultra Incomplete Settling (UIS) condition, leading to a reduction of the consumed power. The authors describe a design process that uses high level models and an optimization process based in genetic algorithms to achieve the desired performance.
In today's fast-changing, competitive environment, having an up-to-date information system (IS) is critical for all companies and institutions. Rather than creating a new system from scratch, reengineering is an economical way to develop an IS to match changing business needs. Using detailed examples, this practical book gives you methods and techniques for reengineering systems for flexibility and reliability. It helps you reengineer a system to continue to provide for business critical missions as well as achieve a smooth transformation to an up-to-date software technology environment. What's more, it shows you how to redevelop a flexible system that can evolve to meet future business objectives, reduce start time and save money in the reengineering process.
Judges are society’s elders and experts, our masters and mediators. We depend on them to dispense justice with integrity, deliberation, and efficiency. Yet judges, as Alexander Hamilton famously noted, lack the power of the purse or the sword. They must rely almost entirely on their reputations to secure compliance with their decisions, obtain resources, and maintain their political influence. In Judicial Reputation, Nuno Garoupa and Tom Ginsburg explain how reputation is not only an essential quality of the judiciary as a whole, but also of individual judges. Perceptions of judicial systems around the world range from widespread admiration to utter contempt, and as judges participate within these institutions some earn respect, while others are scorned. Judicial Reputation explores how judges respond to the reputational incentives provided by the different audiences they interact with—lawyers, politicians, the media, and the public itself—and how institutional structures mediate these interactions. The judicial structure is best understood not through the lens of legal culture or tradition, but through the economics of information and reputation. Transcending those conventional lenses, Garoupa and Ginsburg employ their long-standing research on the latter to examine the fascinating effects that governmental interactions, multicourt systems, extrajudicial work, and the international rule-of-law movement have had on the reputations of judges in this era.
From war campaigns to peacekeeping operations, The Portuguese at War presents an overview of the conflicts, wars and revolutions in which Portugal was involved from the nineteenth century to the present day. From the French invasions to the civil wars, from the African Empire to the wars of decolonisation, from belligerence in the First World War to neutrality in the Second, from participation in the Atlantic Alliance to peacekeeping operations in Kosovo, East Timor, Lebanon and Afghanistan. The book addresses the military interventions in politics and the role of the countrys political regimes in military reform: from the Liberal Revolutions to the Republic, from the military dictatorship and authoritarian regime to the 25th of April Revolution and the transition to democracy. The historical record of Portugals war involvement is not only closely aligned to international and European circumstance but to internal factors: the economy, society, public opinion and political/military power. A historical perspective must of necessity link Portuguese war excursions with the military institutions in place at the time: their recruitment system, social composition and organisation of the army, navy and air force; the military ethos; the evolution of equipment, weapons and military technologies; strategic military doctrine and how this impacted on tactics and military operations; and of course the war outcomes. Special attention is given to the effects of international isolation after the Estado Novo, and post-Cold War europeanisation. The book does not eschew the plurality of interpretative theories. Rather, it seeks to combine historical accuracy of the Portuguese at war within a highly readable literary narrative aimed not only at undergraduate and research levels, but at a broader public audience interested in the complex reach and role of Portugal in world history.
This book addresses the need for energy-efficient amplifiers, providing gain enhancement strategies, suitable to run in parallel with lower supply voltages, by introducing a new family of single-stage cascode-free amplifiers, with proper design, optimization, fabrication and experimental evaluation. The authors describe several topologies, using the UMC 130 nm CMOS technology node with standard-VT devices, for proof-of-concept, achieving results far beyond what is achievable with a classic single-stage folded-cascode amplifier. Readers will learn about a new family of circuits with a broad range of applications, together with the familiarization with a state-of-the-art electronic design automation methodology used to explore the design space of the proposed circuit family.
Estava um óptimo final de dia; as poucas nuvens cinzentas mas sem espessura deixavam-se trespassar por feixes de luz, que faziam dourar os objectos captados no solo. "dá-me a mão" - pensou Àlima sentindo-se arrepiada com o ambiente. Ao seu lado, Victor segurou a mão dela. "amo-te" - pensou Àlima. Àlima era uma emigrante de Leste. Estava ilegal. Victor não sabia. Dentro de pouco tempo ela teria de regressar. Isso enchia-a de tristeza. No entanto, levaria consigo um sentimento próximo do amor pelo clima do Algarve, e pela hospitalidade desta gente pouco civilizada e confusa. Aqui tinha aplicado o poder da liberdade a um sistema de classes decrépito, onde se tinha recusado a entrar. Do seu país, não esperava nada de melhor, tal como em Portugal, lutaria pela sobrevivência...
This book explores the relationship between youth labour market marginality and political participation, focusing on the example of Portugal and the role played by austerity policies in shaping patterns of activism. Through integrating primary and secondary empirical evidence with key ideas from classical and contemporary Sociology, the authors illustrate some of the key features of youth unemployment and job precariousness, also highlighting trends in formal and informal activist activities. Central to Youth Unemployment and Job Precariousness is the argument that following the onset of the economic crisis, there has been the birth of what we the authors term 'an austerity generation', comprised of young people facing difficulties in the labour market and uncertain futures. The book also highlights the difficulties young people have in making a political response to austerity, as well as their hopes for the future, including the need to raise consciousness about youth labour market marginalization and to return to more accountable forms of democracy.
This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Design, Specification, and Verification of Interactive Systems, DSV-IS 2003, held in Funchal, Madeira Island, Portugal, in June 2003. The 26 revised full papers and 5 revised short papers presented together with an invited paper have passed through two rounds of reviewing, selection, and improvement. The papers are organized in topical sections on test and evaluation, Web and groupware, tools and technologies, task modeling, model-based design, mobile and multiple devices, UML, and specification languages.
The convergence of two powerful technologies—wireless and the Internet—through IPv4/v6 protocol has led to emergence of next-generation networks (NGNs). NGN is no more a network of mere computers but a connected conglomeration of varied networks with diverse physical properties, with a plethora of network elements, along with a variety of real-time multimedia applications. This book covers the entire gamut of technology challenges from physical layer to application layer including security from both academic and industrial perspectives.
Contains the latest research advances in computational nanomechanics in one comprehensive volume Covers computational tools used to simulate and analyse nanostructures Includes contributions from leading researchers Covers of new methodologies/tools applied to computational nanomechanics whilst also giving readers the new findings on carbon-based aggregates (graphene, carbon-nanotubes, nanocomposites) Evaluates the impact of nanoscale phenomena in materials
The COVID-19 pandemic has magnified the tensions inherent in the interface of proprietary medicines and the strong reaction of society at large in respect of pharmaceutical inventors and rights holders. As this comprehensive collection of sources shows, these tensions have persisted since ancient times. The sources—along with headnotes and a deeply informed preamble—clearly illustrate how society has constructed intellectual property in association with medicines to adapt it to the needs of entrepreneurship and free trade, and, at the same time, accommodating it to the imperatives of public health. Revealing two major lines of tension—trademarks versus generic designations and patents versus trade secrets—the texts deal with such aspects of the special intellectual property of medicines and access to health as the following: the question of whether inventions that are crucially important to save lives should be left in private hands to be exploited with a view on profitability; prohibiting the use of trademarks to designate certain medicines; loss of distinctiveness of some well-known pharmaceutical trademarks; sanitary authorities as a sort of a parallel trademark and patent office; the requirement of higher distinctiveness for pharmaceutical trademarks—the so-called duty of greater care; use of secrecy to secure private interests in pharmaceutical inventions; granting prizes and awards to inventors instead of acknowledging private proprietary rights in pharmaceuticals; and the protection of inventions in times of epidemics. The sources are structured in two chapters (business identifiers—trademarks, geographical indications, shop signs—and appropriation of knowledge—patents, trade secrets) to permit an easy understanding of the enchainment of important moments that have contributed to give intellectual property for medicines its special configuration. The selection of sources (more than 200) underlines the struggle of creative entrepreneurs in the pharmaceutical field to obtain a living from their trade and all the contradictions to which it gives rise, as well as approaches that governments have adopted to deal with its tensions. Practitioners in intellectual property law and healthcare law, magistrates, medical professionals, and academics will have a better sense of how the imperatives of public health have designed and continue designing norms and principles of intellectual property especially adapted to the social goals it serves.
This book approaches classic epistemological problems from a contextualist perspective. The author takes as his point of departure the fact that we are situated beings, more specifically that every single moment in our lives is already given within the framework of a specific context in the midst of which we understand ourselves and what surrounds us. In the process of his investigation, the author explores, in a fresh way, the works of key thinkers in epistemology. These include Bernard Bolzano, René Descartes, Gottlob Frege, Edmund Husserl, Immanuel Kant and Ludwig Wittgenstein, but also contemporary authors such as Stewart Cohen, Keith DeRose, David Lewis, Duncan Pritchard, Ernest Sosa and Charles Travis. Some of the topics covered are attributions of knowledge, the correspondence theory of truth, objectivity and subjectivity, possible worlds, primary and secondary evidence, scepticism, transcendentalism and relativism. The book also introduces a new contextualist thought-experiment for dealing with moral questions. Contextualism has received a great deal of attention in contemporary epistemology. It has the potential to resolve a number of issues that traditional epistemological approaches cannot address. In particular, a contextualist view opens the way to an understanding of those cognitive processes that require situational information to be fully grasped. However, contextualism poses serious difficulties in regard to epistemic invariance. This book offers readers an innovative approach to some fundamental questions in this field.
Derived from Kluwer’s multi-volume Corporate Acquisitions and Mergers, the largest and most detailed database of M&A know-how available anywhere in the world, this work by highly experienced partners in the leading international law firm Morais Leitão, Galvão Teles, Soares da Silva & Associados – Sociedade de Advogados, SP, RL provides a concise, practical analysis of current law and practice relating to mergers and acquisitions of public and private companies in Portugal. The book offers a clear explanation of each step in the acquisition process from the perspectives of both the purchaser and the seller. Key areas covered include: structuring the transaction; due diligence; contractual protection; consideration; and the impact of applicable company, competition, tax, intellectual property, environmental and data protection law on the acquisition process. Corporate Acquisitions and Mergers is an invaluable guide for both legal practitioners and business executives seeking a comprehensive yet practical analysis of mergers and acquisitions in Portugal. Equivalent analyses of M&A law and practice in some 50 other jurisdictions, all contributed by leading law firms, are accessible on-line at www.kluwerlawonline.com under Corporate Acquisitions and Mergers.
This book presents the state of the art of two areas: intelligent residential buildings and the behaviour of their occupants. These areas need to be treated together in order to develop new concepts for buildings, which are more efficient, more comfortable and more healthy. The concept of intelligent building is associated with the creation of a management system that takes into account the requirements of the occupants in terms of thermal comfort and their daily activities, maintaining good indoor air quality and minimizing energy consumption. In commercial or office buildings, these systems are already at an intermediate stage of implementation. However, in the residential sector they have yet to be significantly implemented. In mild climates, where the interactions of the occupants with the building mechanisms are the primary way to ensure adequate comfort and ventilation, the importance of occupant behaviour studies and their incorporation in the algorithms of the intelligent buildings becomes even more crucial. This book offers new concepts on how to bring these aspects together.
This book discusses the impact of climate change on rural forest areas. It analyses data provided by the Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA) to not only demonstrate that climate change has occurred in Portuguese forests, but also to suggest how forestry practices can be adapted to minimise its effects. In turn, the book distils data collected over several years into a comprehensive and coherent review of the ways in which the climate has changed in Portugal. It addresses the changes in rainfall, temperatures, and climatic anomalies, and how these changes correlate with effects such as rural forest fires. Though the text chiefly focuses on Portugal, the tools implemented are easily transferable to other countries and regions, making it relevant to readers around the globe. The book offers a valuable asset for students, researchers, foresters and those working at environmental (research) institutions.
The book explores the relationship between fundamental rights and private law in Europe, a debate usually referred to as Drittwirkung or ‘horizontal effect of fundamental rights’. The work focuses on the field of tort law and looks, in particular, at the legal position of the tortfeasor. Part I of the book is dedicated to exploring the different possible models of Drittwirkung, the functions and evolution of tort law, and the particular impact that fundamental rights may have in shaping the legal consequences that may derive to tortfeasors from their tortious acts. Part II focuses on the relationship between children’s tortious liability and their fundamental rights in a number of jurisdictions including France, Italy, Germany, Portugal, Sweden, Finland, and England and Wales. The book goes on to consider policy implications and advances proposals which would ensure the optimisation and maximisation of the scope of fundamental rights in the field of tort law.
Expert Systems, Robots and Vision Systems, Fuzzy Logic and Neural Networks Proceedings of the 7th Portuguese Conference on Artificial Intelligence, held in Funchal, Madeira Island, Portugal, October 1995
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