Symbolic interactionism is one of the most enduring - and certainly the most sociological - of all social psychologies. In this landmark work, Norman K. Denzin traces its tortured history from its roots in American pragmatism to its present-day encounter with poststructuralism and postmodernism. Arguing that if interactionism is to continue to thrive and grow it must incorporate elements of post structural and post-modern theory into its underlying views of history, culture and politics, the author develops a research agenda which merges the interactionist sociological imagination with the critical insights on contemporary feminism and cultural studies. Norman Denzin's programmatic analysis of symbolic interactionism, which develops a politics of interpretation merging theory and practice, will be welcomed by students and scholars in a wide range of disciplines, from sociology to cultural studies.
This unique book explains the central role that research paradigms play in the design and conduct of social research. The authors argue that social research should not just describe or confirm a social problem but should seek to find an explanation for it and to do so requires research with eyes philosophically wide open. Important philosophical and practice elements of three widely recognized paradigms Neo-Positive, Interpretive and Critical Realist are carefully elaborated and their use in action illustrated with detailed examples. The authors show that the philosophical assumptions of a chosen paradigm must match those embedded in a characterization of a research problem and its context. This paradigm orientation is shown to be fundamental to appropriately framing a problem, formulating research questions, deciding on a logic of inquiry and selecting and using methods to investigate it. Ultimately, an appropriate paradigm orientation to social research provides a dispassionate, rigorous and effective basis for the production of new social scientific knowledge. Following on from Blaikies Approaches to Social Enquiry and Designing Social Research, this innovative book will be invaluable to upper-level and research students, their lecturers and supervisors, and researchers across the social sciences.
Strategies of Qualitative Inquiry, Third Edition, the second volume in the paperback version of The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research, 3rd Edition, consists of Part III of the handbook ("Strategies of Inquiry"). Strategies of Qualitative Inquiry, Third Edition presents the major tactics-historically, the research methods-that researchers can utilize in conducting concrete qualitative studies. The chapter topics range from performance ethnography to case studies, issues of ethnographic representation, grounded theory strategies, testimonies, participatory action research, and clinical research. Key Feature of the Third Edition - Contains a new Reader's Guide prepared by the editors that helps students and researchers navigate through the chapters, locating the different methodologies, methods, techniques, issues, and theories relevant to their work. - Presents an abbreviated Glossary of terms that offer students and researchers a ready resource to help decode the language of qualitative research. - Offers recommended Readings that provide readers with additional sources on specific topic areas linked to their research. Intended Audience This text is designed for graduate students taking classes in social research methods and qualitative methods as well as researchers throughout the social sciences and in some fields within the humanities.
Pepall's Industrial Organization: Contemporary Theory and Empirical Applications, 5th Edition offers an accessible text in which topics are organized in a manner that motivates and facilitates progression from one chapter to the next. It serves as a complete, but concise, introduction to modern industrial economics. The text uniquely uses the tools of game theory, information economics, contracting issues, and practical examples to examine multiple facets of industrial organization. The fifth edition is more broadly accessible, balancing the tension between making modern industrial analysis accessible while also presenting the formal abstract modeling that gives the analysis its power. The more overtly mathematical content is presented in the Contemporary Industrial Organization text (aimed at the top tier universities) while this Fifth Edition will less mathematical (aimed at a wider range of four-year colleges and state universities.
This popular, established text has been expanded to include the most up-to-date research on social cognition models and health behaviours. This edition takes account of important developments in the field, and features: Three completely new chapters on Self-determination Theory, Prototype-Willingness Model and Health Behaviour Change Techniques Updated work on the health belief model, protection motivation theory, social cognitive theory and the theory of planned behavior New models and greater focus on health behaviour change Providing the theoretical background and examples of how to apply the most common social cognition models to health behaviours, this book thoroughly examines how to: Assess the advantages and disadvantages of using each of these models Appropriately apply each model in practice Adequately analyze and report the results Apply the models to change health behaviour Predicting and Changing Health Behaviour boasts many of the leading names in the field and provides key reading for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students, health promoters, health psychologists and others assessing health behaviour.
At once a unique textbook for methods courses and a major contribution to sociological theory, this book teaches students the principles of research and how to construct and test theories. It brings coherence to the study of methods by presenting four major approaches to experimentation: survey research, participant observation, life histories, and unobtrusive measures from a single theoretical point of view, symbolic interaction. It demonstrates the need for a synthesis between theory and methods, and shows how different methods limit and aff ect research results. Denzin's argues that no single method, theory, or observer can capture all that is relevant or important in reality. He argues for the use of triangulation and for a view of theory and methods as "concept sensitizers." His approach enables sociologists to acquire specifi c facts about a particular situation while simultaneously elevating these to the level of shared meaning. The author shows students how to proceed with research, bringing sharply into focus the possibilities and their limitations. Since his view is integrated rather than eclectic, this is much more than a "how to do it" manual. Denzin points out aspects of research that fall outside the scope of a given method yet aff ect results, and emphasizes the need to employ several methods to cross-check each other. "The Research Act" covers all the content of conventional methods courses. The presentation is exciting and imaginative, and provides a thorough review of major sociological methods, a cogent statement about approaches to sociological inquiry, and a source from which a understanding of the problems of research can be derived. "Norman K. Denzin" is professor of sociology, cinema studies, and interpretive theory at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. He was awarded the George Herbert Mead Award for Lifetime Achievement from the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction. He is the author of several books, including "The Alcoholic Society, Children and Their Caretakers, Hollywood Shot by Shot, Sociological Methods" and "The Values of Social Science" all available from Transaction.
Using today's most leading-edge therapies and breakthroughs in the science of longevity, C. Norman Shealy, one of the pioneering holistic physicians of our time, shows how we can healthfully age to one hundred, and beyond. The idea of living well beyond one hundred years-and enjoying those years in good health-used to be the stuff of science fiction. No longer. C. Norman Shealy, M.D., Ph.D., whom Caroline Myss calls a "wizard-genius-scientist-mystic-physician," offers Life Beyond 100: Secrets of the Fountain of Youth. In this deeply learned and revolutionary book, Dr. Shealy provides a new concept of longevity, one that reveals that we can live far longer than current science suggests. Basic healthy living and the use of alternative therapies have long been touted as "the way" to well-being, but Dr. Shealy takes these tenets a step further. From the physiology of stress and its effect on the human mind and body to the importance of DHEA; from the proven techniques of photostimulation and biofeedback training to groundbreaking suggestions for alleviating depression; from Shealy's electromagnetic framework of life to his recommendations for optimal health, Life Beyond 100 presents a detailed roadmap to achieve healthy aging-or "youthing." The result of years of clinical practice and cutting-edge research, Life Beyond 100 also exposes the fallacies behind many of the claims made by the medical establishment and the pharmaceutical industry. Shealy argues that rather than increasing people's life expectancy, these two groups create the opposite effect, consigning hundreds of thousands of people to an often miserable and premature old age by treating symptoms with an antidote-prescription medicine-that is often worse than the ailment itself. As a counterpoint, Life Beyond 100 provides the most ambitious- yet medically grounded and commonsensical-longevity program available. Easy to follow and supported by advanced research, Dr. Shealy's guide to uncovering the secrets of youthful aging redefines the concept of human longevity and offers a new vision of healthy living to one hundred and beyond.
Everyone loves a good ghost story. Phantoms of the Paramount, Shadows on Third Avenue, the Legend of Ann Lake, Boy in the Red Cap. Veteran ghost hunter J. Michael Norman has uncovered almost three dozen stories of legitimate Minnesota eeriness to thrill readers. Norman, author of five nationally popular collections of ghost tales, interviewed local storytellers and combed newspapers to document legends involving supernatural and strange occurrences. Following old and fresh leads, he gathered stories from all over the state. Ghost stories have existed as long as humans have been telling tales. Perhaps it's our curiosity of what happens to us and our loved ones after death, perhaps they explain phenomena that we do not understand, or maybe, just maybe, the dead do walk the earth. Norman does not attempt to prove or disprove the existence of ghosts but instead allows readers to make up their own minds. His tales feature people's strange and paranormal experiences in quite ordinary places, including homes, theaters, B and Bs, and restaurants. Many of the engaging and hair-raising accounts involve strange and frightening incidents of the last fifty years; some document very recent unexplainable or spectral events. The book includes a map and a public site appendix targeting the hauntings' locations--from Taylors Falls and Pipestone to Northfield and Nobles County--for Minnesotans who may want to "pass through" the sites. Beware: these stories do not have conclusive endings since they remain a mystery to this day. But perhaps that's best. An ending would just take the fun out of it.
The Individual and the Political Order examines major theoretical perspectives, both historical and contemporary, in major issues in social and political philosophy. It combines accessibility with appreciation of philosophical complexity and discusses applied issues, such as morality and war, as well as theoretical approaches to justice, rights, and democratic liberal thought.
The second edition of this title is an expanded and updated review of the most up to date research in the field, covering social cognition models and health behaviours.
This important, long-needed revision of the authors' previous book discusses the 473 named species of coccidia of rodents. It. contains over twice as many as the 1965 book, The Coccidian Parasites (Protozoa, Sporozoa) of Rodents. Included is the available up-to-date information about each of these species. Data are given for the 99 forms which have insufficient information available to justify assigning them species names. This work can be used as a guide to future investigations, not only on rodent coccidia, but also on the coccidia of all other vertebrates and even some invertebrates. This book will serve as an invaluable and authoritative source for parasitologists. It is of importance to those involved in protozoology, tropical medicine, wildlife diseases and veterinary medicine.
The 1876 events known as Custer’s Last Stand, Battle of Little Big Horn, or Battle of Greasy Grass have been represented over 1000 times in various artistic media, from paintings to sculpture to fast food giveaways. Norman Denzin shows how these representations demonstrate the changing perceptions—often racist—of Native America by the majority culture, juxtaposed against very different readings shown in works composed by Native American artists. Consisting of autobiographical reminiscences, historical description, artistic representations, staged readings, and snippets of documents, this multilayered performance ethnography examines questions of memory, race, and violence against Native America, as symbolized by the changing interpretations of General Custer and his final battle.
A comprehensive collection of contemporary and classical readings on sociological method, this book provides students with systematic analyses of each of the major strategies employed in sociological research. It may be used as a supplement or as the basic set of readings for all courses in methods. The book contains thirteen sections dealing with theory and its development; issues of sampling units; problems of developing new measurement techniques; difficulties surrounding the interview (with special emphasis on interviewing deviant, hostile, and silent respondents); the nature of causation; and a review of the major methods of proof available to the sociologist. Actual research studies, focusing in turn on the experiment, the survey, participant observation, life-histories, and unobtrusive analysis, are also included. Each section is preceded by an introduction, that defines the major issues in each paper, offers a discussion of problems not covered explicitly in the readings, and in general shows how each paper contributes to a view of interactional research processes. Because of its interactional approach, its use of classic articles, its anticipation of problems not yet formulated clearly in the literature, its illustrations of how social organizations may be studied, its inclusion of articles relevant to the social psychology of experiments, and its new statements on the ethics of research, this book will be invaluable in methods courses. Especially when used in conjunction with its companion text, The Research Act, the book provides perhaps the most original and most useful compendium available to students today.
Norman Denzin presents a social psychological account of how the lives of children are shaped by social interaction, particularly interaction with parents and other caretakers. He examines the special language of children, their socialization experiences, and the emergence of their selfconceptions- all as they occur in natural surroundings: daycare centers, homes, playgrounds, schools, and many other places. Denzin is concerned not with sequential developmental changes during childhood, but with how children themselves enter into the processes that lead to self-awareness, socialized abilities and attribute-such as pride, perceptiveness, dignity, and poise. Through his symbolic interactionist approach, Denzin shows how language-the key link between children and others-is required in everyday interpersonal relationships and how the sense of self develops as linguistic skills grow. He stresses the importance of play and games as processes by which children teach themselves about social behavior; he also shows that, for children, play takes on the seriousness of adults' work. Denzin maintains that the definitions of childhood by the 1970s had become detrimentally entrenched in educational and political policies regarding children. He recommends a new definition that recognizes children as individuals seeking meaning for their own actions. This book will be valuable to all social scientists concerned with symbolic and linguistic foundations of the socialization process. A new introduction reviews developments since publication of the original edition. This book raises the interactions between adults and children to a new level.
Seit dem Erscheinen der ersten Auflage dieses Werkes (1972) hat sich das Gebiet der kontinuierlichen multivariaten Verteilungen rasch weiterentwickelt. Moderne Anwendungsfelder sind die Erforschung von Hochwasser, Erdbeben, Regenfällen und Stürmen. Entsprechend wurde das Buch überarbeitet und erweitert: Nunmehr zwei Bände beschreiben eine Vielzahl multivariater Verteilungsmodelle anhand zahlreicher Beispiele. (05/00)
The goal of Norman H. Anderson's new book is to help students develop skills of scientific inference. To accomplish this he organized the book around the "Experimental Pyramid"--six levels that represent a hierarchy of considerations in empirical investigation--conceptual framework, phenomena, behavior, measurement, design, and statistical inference. To facilitate conceptual and empirical understanding, Anderson de-emphasizes computational formulas and null hypothesis testing. Other features include: *emphasis on visual inspection as a basic skill in experimental analysis to help students develop an intuitive appreciation of data patterns; *exercises that emphasize development of conceptual and empirical application of methods of design and analysis and de-emphasize formulas and calculations; and *heavier emphasis on confidence intervals than significance tests. The book is intended for use in graduate-level experimental design/research methods or statistics courses in psychology, education, and other applied social sciences, as well as a professional resource for active researchers. The first 12 chapters present the core concepts graduate students must understand. The next nine chapters serve as a reference handbook by focusing on specialized topics with a minimum of technicalities.
This volume argues that Midwestern Populists were radical reformers who responded to industrialization in a progressive manner. The author's study is a response to previous Populist histories that portrayed the movement as being opposed to industrialization. In presenting his case, the author relied on a number of primary sources, including manuscript collections of those involved in multiple levels of the movement and Populist newspapers. The author argues that Populists wanted to redefine the relationship between man and industrialization so that the masses, and not the select elite, could benefit. Populists viewed industrialization as neutral, and that it only became a negative influence when capitalists exploited the technology at the cost of human dignity.
Democracy is easy to talk about but hard to define in other than broad generalizations; its history is a long, complex, and contested subject. What this volume seeks to do is to explore the general evolution of political and social thinking that would eventually coalesce into what we now know as democracy, for all its imperfections and shortcomings. The question of just why some societies evolved into a democratic trajectory and others did not continues to engage the interest of historians, political scientists, sociologists, and anthropologists. Much conjecture surrounds the rise of certain elements we now recognize if not as democratic, then proto-democratic, such as collective decision-making, constraints on the exercise of power and a degree of accountability of the ruler to the ruled. If democracy in the sense of “rule by the people” has two essential qualities – rule by the majority and the equal treatment of free citizens - then its origins, however feeble, are to be found in these early examples of government. Historical Dictionary of Democracy contains a chronology, an introduction, a glossary, and an extensive bibliography. The dictionary section has over 600 cross-referenced entries. This book is an excellent resource for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about democracy.
The basic requirements for research designs and research proposals are laid out at the beginning of the book, followed by discussion of the major design elements, and the choices that need to be made about them. Four sample research designs at the end of the volume illustrate the application of the research strategies.
Norman K Denzin ponders the prospects, problems and forms of ethnographic interpretive writing in the twenty-first century. He argues that postmodern ethnography is the moral discourse of the contemporary world, and that ethnographers can and should explore new types of experimental texts to form a new ethics of inquiry.
This new book takes the reader on a genealogist's odyssey and shows us how research is done by recounting three of the author's mostmemorable cases. While it's completely factual, Adventures in Genealogy reads like a collection of detective stories--complete with chance meetings in cemeteries, serendipitous phone calls, and not one but two murders. This is a book that should command the attention of all researchers and, especially, those who might benefit from observing a master genealogist at work.
In the latter part of the eleventh century a revolutionary group within the Western Church, centered in the papacy, attempted to overthrow the early medieval system of church-state relations by which the church in each country was under control of the kings and other secular rulers. Here is a comprehensive history of these controversies during the crucial period from the death of Archbishop Lanfranc in 1089 to the end of the reign of Henry I in 1135. The greater part of the book is concerned with the pontificate of Archbishop Anselm (1093-1109) and includes the first substantial account of the episcopal career of this famous theologian. In a concluding chapter, the obscure period in the history of the English Church from 1109 to 1135 is investigated, and the methods by which Henry I reasserted royal authority over the Church are indicated. Originally published in 1958. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
This is the definitive reference and text for both mental health and legal professionals. The authors offer a uniquely comprehensive discussion of the legal and clinical contexts of forensic assessment, along with best-practice guidelines for participating effectively and ethically in a wide range of criminal and civil proceedings. Presented are findings, instruments, and procedures related to criminal and civil competencies, civil commitment, sentencing, personal injury claims, antidiscrimination laws, child custody, juvenile justice, and more.
This first systematic analysis of the full range of classical liberal thinking covers the utilitarianism of Hume, Smith and their successors, the Austrian and Chicago schools of political economy, 'contractarian' liberalism and the ethical individualism of Ayn Rand and Robert Nozick. Norman Barry also discusses the hitherto barely understood theory of anarcho-capitalism and throughout his analysis draws attention to the differences in fundamental philosophical outlook that underline superficially similar policy positions.
About the turn of the century the Apicomplexa plus some other groups were called Sporozoa. With the advent of the electron microscope, it was realized that most "Sporozoa" have an apical complex; those which do not (the Microspora, Myxozoa, and Ascetospora) were removed and the name Apicomplexa was put forward by Dr. Levine in 1970. Most of the important Apicomplexa fall into five main groups: the gregarines, haemogregarines (about which there is relatively little known), coccidia, haemosporids, and piroplasms. These two volumes classify, list (with synonyms and hosts) and give references to descriptions of the approximately 4600 species of Apicomplexa that have been named so far. Volume I contains an 8-page introduction and covers the gregarines and coccidia (including the haemogregarines). In volume II are the Sarcocystidae (the predator-prey coccidia) the haemosporids (the malaria and related parasites), the piroplasms, and some parasites of uncertain affinities. The Apicomplexa are divided into over 300 genera and more than 60 families, but this division is deceiving. Most of these groups contain only one or a few species. There are fewer than 50 genera with 10 or more named species, and only 8 with 100 or more. These 8 genera (Eimeria, Haemogregarina, Gregarina, Isospora, Haemoproteus, Plasmodium, Sarcocystis, and Babesia) comprise more than half of the species.
A young artist meets Stephen Crane as America’s hunger for empire draws them both into war Oliver Fischer, a self-styled bohemian, boardwalk caricaturist, and student at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, enrages his banker father and earns the contempt of Philadelphia’s foremost realist painter Thomas Eakins when he attempts to stage Manet’s scandalous painting The Luncheon on the Grass. Soon after, he is ensnarled, along with Mark Twain and Andrew Carnegie, in a clash between the Anti-Imperialist League and their expansionist foes. Sent to Key West to sketch the 1898 American invasion of Cuba, in company with war correspondent Stephen Crane, he realizes––in the flash of a naval bombardment––that our lives are suspended by a thread between radiance and annihilation. The Caricaturist, the penultimate, stand-alone book in The American Novels series, is a tragicomic portrait of America struggling to honor its most-cherished ideals at the dawn of the twentieth century.
Vitamin D: The Calcium Homeostatic Steroid Hormone provides a continuing coordinated group of edited critiques of the dynamic state of the science and art of nutrition. The most recent basic advances will be reviewed within the broad framework of the scientific knowledge of food and nutrition, including its application to man, individually and societally. The volumes, authored singly or by invited contributors, will appeal to serious scholars concerned with pure or applied nutrition. This volume comprises 13 chapters, with the first discussing the progress of vitamin D-cholecalciferol from vitamin to steroid hormone. Succeeding chapters then discuss the biological and chemical assay of vitamin D, its metabolites, and analogs; metabolism of vitamin D; and the tissue and subcellular localization of vitamin D and its metabolites. Other chapters cover binding proteins and receptors for vitamin D and its metabolites; interrelationships between vitamin D and other hormones; intestinal effects of vitamin D; vitamin D actions in the kidney; vitamin D actions on bone; and vitamin D and its clinical relationships. This book will be of interest to practitioners in the fields of chemistry, nutrition, and medicine.
This book had its origins in lectures presented at EPFL, Lausanne, during two separate visits (the most recent being to IRRMA). The author is most grateful to Professors A. Baldereschi, R. Car, and A. Quattropani for making these visits possible, and for the splendidly stimulating environment provided. Professors S. Baroni and R. Resta also influenced considerably the presentation of material by constructive help and comments. Most importantly, Chapters 4 and 5 were originally prepared for a review article by Professor G. Senatore, then at Pavia and now in Trieste, and myself for Reviews of Modem Physics (1994). In the 'course of this collaboration, he has taught me a great deal, especially about quantum Monte Carlo procedures, and Chapter 5 is based directly on this review article. Also in Chapter 4, my original draft on Gutzwiller's method has been transformed by his deeper understanding; again this is reflected directly in Chapter 4; especially in the earlier sections. In addition to the above background, it is relevant here to point out that, as a backcloth for the present, largely "state of the art," account, there are two highly relevant earlier books: The Many-body Problem in Quantum Mechanics with W.
This eagerly awaited volume presents Anderson's cumulative progress in unified social psychology. The research is grounded in the three fundamental laws of information integration theory. Research shows these laws to apply to topics in social and personality psychology such as person cognition, attitudes, moral cognition, social development, group dynamics and self-cognition. This definitive work will broaden the appreciation of Anderson's unique treatment of psychological processes.
Conrad's Western World traces the sources of Heart of Darkness, Nostromo, The Secret Agent and some of the short stories related to these novels. As in his highly acclaimed Conrad's Eastern World, Professor Sherry provides an interesting blend of biographical reconstruction and investigation into the originals of the main incidents and characters - Kurtz, Nostromo, Verloc and many of the minor figures as well. It has been possible to show in the study of Conrad's source material a movement away from analyses of personal experience or the narrated experiences of others to a manipulation of material entirely outside the bounds of his own experience. This change reveals also a movement in interest from personal and private dilemmas to wider and more public concerns, and shows Conrad developing a progressive sense of the frightening underside of human society. Finally, Professor Sherry considers the play of Conrad's mind over his source material and traces the development of individual works from the given sources to the completed fiction. This reconstruction of Conrad's original materials and the tracing of their development into literary works of great distinction gives us a unique insight into Conrad's preoccupations and art.
The authority on building empirical models and the fitting of such surfaces to data—completely updated and revised Revising and updating a volume that represents the essential source on building empirical models, George Box and Norman Draper—renowned authorities in this field—continue to set the standard with the Second Edition of Response Surfaces, Mixtures, and Ridge Analyses, providing timely new techniques, new exercises, and expanded material. A comprehensive introduction to building empirical models, this book presents the general philosophy and computational details of a number of important topics, including factorial designs at two levels; fitting first and second-order models; adequacy of estimation and the use of transformation; and occurrence and elucidation of ridge systems. Substantially rewritten, the Second Edition reflects the emergence of ridge analysis of second-order response surfaces as a very practical tool that can be easily applied in a variety of circumstances. This unique, fully developed coverage of ridge analysis—a technique for exploring quadratic response surfaces including surfaces in the space of mixture ingredients and/or subject to linear restrictions—includes MINITAB® routines for performing the calculations for any number of dimensions. Many additional figures are included in the new edition, and new exercises (many based on data from published papers) offer insight into the methods used. The exercises and their solutions provide a variety of supplementary examples of response surface use, forming an extremely important component of the text. Response Surfaces, Mixtures, and Ridge Analyses, Second Edition presents material in a logical and understandable arrangement and includes six new chapters covering an up-to-date presentation of standard ridge analysis (without restrictions); design and analysis of mixtures experiments; ridge analysis methods when there are linear restrictions in the experimental space including the mixtures experiments case, with or without further linear restrictions; and canonical reduction of second-order response surfaces in the foregoing general case. Additional features in the new edition include: New exercises with worked answers added throughout An extensive revision of Chapter 5: Blocking and Fractionating 2k Designs Additional discussion on the projection of two-level designs into lower dimensional spaces This is an ideal reference for researchers as well as a primary text for Response Surface Methodology graduate-level courses and a supplementary text for Design of Experiments courses at the upper-undergraduate and beginning-graduate levels.
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