A study of first and second language development in an indigenous community with implications for broader linguistic and cognitive issues. When two or more languages are part of a child's world, we are presented with a rich opportunity to learn something about language in general and about how the mind works. In this book, Norbert Francis examines the development of bilingual proficiency and the different kinds of competence that come together in making up its component parts. In particular, he explores problems of language ability when children use two languages for tasks related to schooling, especially in learning how to read and write. He considers both broader research issues and findings from an ongoing investigation of child bilingualism in an indigenous language–speaking community in Mexico. This special sociolinguistic context allows for a unique perspective on some of the central themes of bilingualism research today, including the distinction between competence and proficiency, modularity, and the Poverty of Stimulus problem. Francis proposes that competence (knowledge) should be considered as an integral component of proficiency (ability) rather than something separate and apart, arguing that this approach allows for a more inclusive assessment of research findings from diverse fields of study. The bilingual indigenous language project illustrates how the concepts of modularity and the competence-proficiency distinction in particular might be applied to problems of language learning and literacy. Few investigations of indigenous language and culture approach bilingual research problems from a cognitive science perspective. By suggesting connections to broader cognitive and linguistic issues, Francis points the way to further research along these lines.
Surely the reader had come across situations where he would have given his life to get the “final answer”, the reason for our existence, a Theory of Everything, a true World Formula that contains it all... So did the author of this book. There was this deep-seated and forever unquenchable thirst for fundamental explanations on the one hand, and then there was this very special motivation from somebody else who needed this knowledge, on the other: “How to explain the world to my dying child?” Perhaps this provided the driving force to actually start this million-mile-long journey with the first small—and very tentative—step. Considering all the efforts taken, money spent, disputes fought, papers and books written, and conferences held, it is almost shocking to find that, in principle, the World Formula was already there. It was David Hilbert who wrote it down during World War I in November 1915. The complexity of the math involved was not the only thing that obscured what should have been obvious. This book explains why apparently only very few people had realized his immortal stroke of genius.
Imagine a civilization with a technology so powerful that a single push of the “wrong” button could destroy this very entire civilization. As the consideration of future warfare requires the inclusion of a unified physics, we have to deal with complex concepts of Quantum Theory and General Theory of Relativity. The two have to be brought together before we are able to deal with the matter of future warfare technology in a satisfactory manner. That such a “Theory of Everything” or “Theory of Quantum Gravity”—in principle—already exists and had been already derived by the great German mathematician David Hilbert. When digging deeper and looking for applications of the “new” theory, we realized that many of the new possibilities could also lead to quite disastrous utilizations in military. It is futile to hope that mankind would not recognize this potential and restrain itself from its exploitation. Thus, we thought we better make this knowledge public and hope for some kind of global understanding, perhaps guaranteeing the non-usage of certain technologies. It might only be a weak hope, but in observing history and realizing how little we gained by keeping crucial knowledge restricted to some, thereby often only even more provoking the development of the most horrific weapons one could imagine at the time, we simply see no better way. This book does not provide blueprints ready to start the developments of new quantum gravity weaponry and strategies, but it draws the line that would suffice to awake the right forces and trigger the best developments ... before the bad guys get the gist.
The great German mathematician David Hilbert’s creation, de facto, was—no, is—a theory of everything or world formula, even though he himself had little chance of fully realizing this. Even in physics, where we can now show that Hilbert’s fundamental equation covers both great theories, General Theory of Relativity and Quantum Theory, the time was not ripe for such a discovery, simply because the mathematical apparatus of Quantum Theory was not fully developed then. While Hilbert brought out his great work in 1915 and knew about the Einstein field equations at the time, the basic quantum equations such as the Schrödinger, Klein–Gordon, and Dirac equations would not follow before the second half of the 1920s. In order to find the mathematical and physical fundament for the description of the body, the soul, and the whole universe, which is to say a "theory of everything," we think that we require "quantum gravity." That such a theory—in principle—already exists and was derived by Hilbert and elaborated in the author’s previous work, The World Formula: A Late Recognition of David Hilbert’s Stroke of Genius. This book digs deeper and shows not only that quantum gravity is more than just a physical theory—describing physical aspects—but also that, in fact, it covers "it all.
Fear and Trembling? Shock and Awe? Which set of statements best describes the emotions surrounding the assessment of writing ability in educational settings? This book - the first historical study of its kind - begins with Harvard University's 1874 requirement that first-year student applicants submit a short composition as part of the admissions process; the book concludes with the College Board's 2005 requirement for an essay to be submitted as part of the new SAT(R) Reasoning Test. Intended for teachers who must prepare students to submit their writing for formal assessment, administrators who must make critical decisions based on test scores, and policy makers who must allocate resources based on evaluation systems, On a Scale provides a much-needed historical and conceptual background to questions arising from national attention to student writing ability.
Taking an interdisciplinary approach, this new book provides a modern introduction to scientific computing, exploring numerical methods, computer technology, and their interconnections, which are treated with the goal of facilitating scientific research across all disciplines. Each chapter provides an insightful lesson and viewpoints from several subject areas are often compounded within a single chapter. Written with an eye on usefulness, longevity, and breadth, Lessons in Scientific Computing will serve as a "one stop shop" for students taking a unified course in scientific computing, or seeking a single cohesive text spanning multiple courses. Features: Provides a unique combination of numerical analysis, computer programming, and computer hardware in a single text Includes essential topics such as numerical methods, approximation theory, parallel computing, algorithms, and examples of computational discoveries in science Not wedded to a specific programming language
This book tells the story of the TITANIC from its planning and finishing in Belfast, Ireland, to her departure from Southampton. The author of the book also explains the inconsistencies surrounding the collision of the TITANIC with the iceberg and describes what, according to the latest TITANIC research, happened in the last hours before the sinking. The many tragic fates of the tragedy are also dealt with in detail, as well as the later scapegoats of the disaster.
This book focuses on practical proven programs that have enabled companies to gain a worldwide competitive edge. The blending of total quality control with total employee involvement and just-in-time manufacturing concepts provides the means for gaining the competitive edge.
This book introduces the class of dynamical systems called semiflows, which includes systems defined or modeled by certain types of differential evolution equations (DEEs). It focuses on the basic results of the theory of dynamical systems that can be extended naturally and applied to study the asymptotic behavior of the solutions of DEEs. The auth
A drawback of standard approaches to try and understand the world of feelings such as love, hate, fear, and anger plus consciousness via quantum concepts results from the old problem that Quantum Theory does not appear to be fully compatible with Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity. To overcome these difficulties, we explicitly tried to avoid "pushing" any existing theory into the comprehension of the human mind and all its derivatives. On the assumption that everything, including consciousness, may consist of attributes or properties and subjecting them to a general Hamilton extremal principle, we surprisingly ended up in generalized Einstein field equations with the whole ensemble having the characteristics of a Quantum Gravity Theory. The field of psychology has lacked a unified theory to support phenomenological observations until now, and it took a mathematical physicist to find it. With example concepts of group-think and quantum-gravity–based human thought processes given among many more, it provides a basis for understanding and mitigating and potentially even preventing socioeconomic debt cycles and war... ...and it shows why love can become the black hole in a universe of feelings.
Fire, Water, and Wind explores the forming of a healthy sense of personal identity. The impetus for Fire, Water, and Wind was the observation that people are searching for meaning and identity, are dissatisfied with their current situations, and many are actively seeking escape from their current life experiences. This is evidenced by the number of people involved in high-risk activities, be it drug or alcohol abuse, gambling, prostitution, multiple sex partners, smoking, or violent crimes. But does it have to be this way? Following the finding in the fields of psychology and neuroscience that narrative plays a key role within the context of identity formation, Fire, Water, and Wind offers an understanding of identity formation that is grounded in the biblical narrative that enables and equips one to face the varied challenges of life. Concluding that a narrative understanding of ones identity and ongoing formation as a follower of Jesus incorporates an integration of heart and mind, body, and soul, that requires the nurturing of a biblical imagination and unconscious, looking at the signs, symbols, and metaphors, encouraging ones life wholly alive. Enabling one to answer the "What should I live for?" question.
The book unifies quantum theory and the general theory of relativity. As an unsolved problem for about 100 years and influencing so many fields, this is probably of some importance to the scientific community. Examples like Higgs field, limit to classical Dirac and Klein–Gordon or Schrödinger cases, quantized Schwarzschild, Kerr, Kerr–Newman objects, and the photon are considered for illustration. An interesting explanation for the asymmetry of matter and antimatter in the early universe was found while quantizing the Schwarzschild metric.
Now thoroughly revised and updated, this encyclopedia documents the diversity of shrines, temples, holy places, and pilgrimage sites sacred to the world's major religious traditions, and illustrates their elemental place in human culture. As interest increases in the role of world religions in history and international affairs, the new edition of Encyclopedia of Sacred Places—which arrives 15 years after the publication of the original edition—provides new and updated information on site-specific religious practice and spiritually significant locations around the globe. While many of the entries describe specific places, like the Erawan Shrine and the Rock of Cashel, others examine types of sacred sites, pilgrimages, and practices. With articles that describe both the places and their associated traditions and history, this reference book reveals the enormous diversity and cultural significance of religious practice worldwide. For students and teachers of classes ranging from high school geography to university-level courses in religious studies, geography, anthropology, and sociology, this book provides essential reference on places of great significance to the world's various faith traditions.
This book reconsiders liminality in postcolonial thought by visiting Mashriqi writers of memoir, offering a unique intervention in the understanding of threshold states within postcolonial literary studies. Challenging received perceptions of the concept, Bugeja's incisive readings situate liminal space today as a fraught form of consciousness that mediates between conditions of historical contingency and the volatile memorializing present.
Norbert Wiener's celebrated autobiography, available for the first time in one volume. Norbert Wiener—A Life in Cybernetics combines for the first time the two volumes of Norbert Wiener's celebrated autobiography. Published at the height of public enthusiasm for cybernetics—when it was taken up by scientists, engineers, science fiction writers, artists, and musicians—Ex-Prodigy (1953) and I Am a Mathematician (1956) received attention from both scholarly and mainstream publications, garnering reviews and publicity in outlets that ranged from the New York Times and New York Post to the Virginia Quarterly Review. Norbert Wiener was a mathematician with extraordinarily broad interests. The son of a Harvard professor of Slavic languages, Wiener was reading Dante and Darwin at seven, graduated from Tufts at fourteen, and received a PhD from Harvard at eighteen. He joined MIT's Department of Mathematics in 1919, where he remained until his death in 1964 at sixty-nine. In Ex-Prodigy, Wiener offers an emotionally raw account of being raised as a child prodigy by an overbearing father. In I Am a Mathematician, Wiener describes his research at MIT and how he established the foundations for the multidisciplinary field of cybernetics and the theory of feedback systems. This volume makes available the essence of Wiener's life and thought to a new generation of readers.
“The cement slabs and decaying fountains obscured by vegetation at the site of Camp Hearne echo a time forgotten of a bustling city of nearly 5,000 men brought together by world conflict.” The oral histories, archival research, and archaeological data compiled by author Michael Waters and his team of researchers tells the story of 5,000 German soldiers held as prisoners of war in rural Texas during World War II. Camp Hearne, located on the outskirts of Hearne, Texas, was one of the first and largest POW camps in the United States. Between 1943 and 1945 nearly 50,000 German prisoners, mostly from the German Afrika Korps lived and worked at seventy POW camps across Texas. The story of Camp Hearne told here offers the first in-depth look at one of these camps and includes an archaeological study of the treatment and conditions of the German prisoners. Drawing on newspaper accounts and official records from the time, and the recollections of surviving POWs, guards, and local residents, Waters and his team have constructed a detailed description of life in the camp: educational opportunities, recreation, mail call, religious practices, work details, and the food provided. Also revealed are the more serious issues that faced the Americans inside the POW compounds: illegal alcohol distillation, suicides, escapes, hidden secret shortwave radios, and the subversion of postal services. Fascinating artifacts recovered from the site and from the collections of local residents add concrete details. Waters also discusses the national policies and motivations for the treatment of prisoners that prescribed the particulars of camp life. The shadow world of Nazism in the camp is revealed, adding darkness to a story that is otherwise optimistic and in places humorous. The most sinister and brutal example of Nazi activity was the murder of Corporal Hugo Krauss, a German-born New York–raised volunteer in the German army. Captured in North Africa after service in Russia, Krause was attacked seven months later by six to ten fellow prisoners and beaten with clubs, nail–studded boards and a lead pipe. The dramatic recounting of the murder and the ensuing investigation illustrate much about the underlying political tensions of camp existence. This book makes a unique and notable contribution to Texas history. The narrative is enriched by numerous photographs and drawings. It will engage those interested in Texas history and World War II and hold particular interest for avocational and professional historical archaeologists.
Fossil hydrocarbons form a continuous series whose"heavy"members--heavy oils, bitumens, oil shale kerogens, and coal--are important sources of conventional lighter fuels. These hydrocarbons are much more abundant and easier to extract than natural gas and oil. This book discusses the origins and compositions of fossil hydrocarbons and shows how the"heavies"can be chemically transformed into environmentally clean gas, liquid transportation fuels, and an almost unlimited range of petrochemicals.Dr. Berkowitz explodes the entrenched dichotomy between"petroleum hydrocarbons"and coal that has shaped popular perceptions of energy, showing that it is feasible to develop new technologies that capitalize on the availability of"synthetic"natural gas and light oils.Fossil Hydrocarbons: Chemistry and Technology is a comprehensive treatment of fossil hydrocarbons, covering the source materials, biosources, metamorphic histories, geochemistry, classification, and molecular structure. It discusses the use of fossil hydrocarbons as a viable energy source in our future, detailing the preparation, processing and conversion technologies, as well as discussing the environmental issues that arise from production, processing, and use of various fossil hydrocarbons. - Approaches various fossil hydrocarbons as chemically related entities, thus dispelling the unwarranted distinctions between crude oils and coal - Explains how heavy fossil hydrocarbons can be processed by much the same methods as crude oils for good economic and environmental purpose - Illustrates how bitumens, oil shales, and coals are convertible into synthetic natural gas and oils - Shows a path for reasonable energy self-sufficiency, through conversion of heavy hydrocarbons into synthetic natural gas and oils - Augments each chapter with end-of-chapter notes and a detailed bibliography - Provides more than 200 useful tables, schematics, and figures
Norbert Huse and Wolfgang Wolters provide the first contemporary single-volume survey of the three arts of Venice -- painting, sculpture, and architecture. They offer an important counterbalance to the traditional orientation toward painting as the city's preeminent art by focusing on architecture as the essential Venetian artistic medium. In the process, they define the distinctly Venetian terms by which the city and culture should be understood. Huse and Wolters begin their study with 1460, when Venice was one of the key powers of Italy, and end their discussion with the death of Tintoretto in 1594, a period of waning international power. Wolfgang Wolters outlines the city's development and present a typological survey of Venetian architecture. A review of sculptors and their works follows. Norbert Huse opens the next section, on painting, by describing the changed situation of painters at the end of the fifteenth century. He explores the different forms and functions of Venetian paintings in three distinct periods. With over three hundred illustrations and an exhaustive bibliography, this volume successfully fills a gap in art historical scholarship. -- From publisher's description.
Addressing the interactions between the different design and construction variables and techniques this book illustrates best practices for constructing economical, long life concrete pavements. The book proceeds in much the same way as a pavement construction project. First, different alternatives for concrete pavement solutions are outlined. The desired performance and behaviour parameters are identified. Next, appropriate materials are outlined and the most suitable concrete proportions determined. The design can be completed, and then the necessary construction steps for translating the design into a durable facility are carried out. Although the focus reflects highways as the most common application, special features of airport, industrial, and light duty pavements are also addressed. Use is made of modeling and performance tools such as HIPERPAV and LTPP to illustrate behavior and performance, along with some case studies. As concrete pavements are more complex than they seem, and the costs of mistakes or of over-design can be high, this is a valuable book for engineers in both the public and private sectors.
Learning from experience, making decisions on the basis of the available information, and proceeding step by step to a desired goal are fundamental behavioural qualities of human beings. Nevertheless, it was not until the early 1940's that such a statistical theory - namely Sequential Analysis - was created, which allows us to investigate this kind of behaviour in a precise manner. A. Wald's famous sequential probability ratio test (SPRT; see example (1.8» turned out to have an enormous influence on the development of this theory. On the one hand, Wald's fundamental monograph "Sequential Analysis" ([Wa]*) is essentially centered around this test. On the other hand, important properties of the SPRT - e.g. Bayes optimality, minimax-properties, "uniform" optimality with respect to expected sample sizes - gave rise to the development of a general statistical decision theory. As a conse quence, the SPRT's played a dominating role in the further development of sequential analysis and, more generally, in theoretical statistics.
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