Fossil hydrocarbons form a continuous series whose"heavy"members--heavy oils, bitumens, oil shale kerogens, and coal--are important sources of conventional lighter fuels. These hydrocarbons are much more abundant and easier to extract than natural gas and oil. This book discusses the origins and compositions of fossil hydrocarbons and shows how the"heavies"can be chemically transformed into environmentally clean gas, liquid transportation fuels, and an almost unlimited range of petrochemicals.Dr. Berkowitz explodes the entrenched dichotomy between"petroleum hydrocarbons"and coal that has shaped popular perceptions of energy, showing that it is feasible to develop new technologies that capitalize on the availability of"synthetic"natural gas and light oils.Fossil Hydrocarbons: Chemistry and Technology is a comprehensive treatment of fossil hydrocarbons, covering the source materials, biosources, metamorphic histories, geochemistry, classification, and molecular structure. It discusses the use of fossil hydrocarbons as a viable energy source in our future, detailing the preparation, processing and conversion technologies, as well as discussing the environmental issues that arise from production, processing, and use of various fossil hydrocarbons. - Approaches various fossil hydrocarbons as chemically related entities, thus dispelling the unwarranted distinctions between crude oils and coal - Explains how heavy fossil hydrocarbons can be processed by much the same methods as crude oils for good economic and environmental purpose - Illustrates how bitumens, oil shales, and coals are convertible into synthetic natural gas and oils - Shows a path for reasonable energy self-sufficiency, through conversion of heavy hydrocarbons into synthetic natural gas and oils - Augments each chapter with end-of-chapter notes and a detailed bibliography - Provides more than 200 useful tables, schematics, and figures
This Open University text, part of the 'Mapping Social Psychology' series examines the processes involved when a group of people make a decision, or take action together.
Real-time ultrasonography has entered office practice in obstetrics and gynecology. With increasing numbers of sonography systems entering the ambulatory office setting, obstetric sonography at a routine level (level I) has largely been the targeted area. Recent developments in gynecologic real-time sonography have, however, significantly enlarged the sphere of applicability of sonographic equipment in an office setting. The very rapid growth of follicular sonography in infertility assessment and management has made real-time sonography of increasing importance to the gynecologic practitioner. In office settings like the authors', gynecologic office sonography represents close to 50% of all ordered sonography. This handbook of office sonography in obstetrics and gynecology was conceived to reflect these changes in practice patterns. This volume is not meant to replace standard sonography texts for the full-time sonographer but is instead directed toward the practicing obstetrician/gynecologist who uses real-time sonography in the office setting within the framework of daily practice. Technical comments were therefore restricted to a minimum, with practical advice and photographic examples taking their place. Most of the sonographic real-time images were retrieved from the authors' own files. However, some were obtained through the generosity of friends and colleagues, for which we would like to extend acknowledgment and appreciation. Similar appreciation is extended to Dr. Haim Elrad and Dr. Jari Friberg, who also participated in the editorial process; to Sheila Martin, who performed superbly as our editorial assistant, a most difficult responsibility; and to Hilary Evans, our editor at Plenum Publishing Corporation.
Psychological research into human cognition and judgment reveals a wide range of biases and shortcomings. Whether we form impressions of other people, recall episodes from memory, report our attitudes in an opinion poll, or make important decisions, we often get it wrong. The errors made are not trivial and often seem to violate common sense and basic logic. A closer look at the underlying processes, however, suggests that many of the well known fallacies do not necessarily reflect inherent shortcomings of human judgment. Rather, they partially reflect that research participants bring the tacit assumptions that govern the conduct of conversation in daily life to the research situation. According to these assumptions, communicated information comes with a guarantee of relevance and listeners are entitled to assume that the speaker tries to be informative, truthful, relevant, and clear. Moreover, listeners interpret the speakers' utterances on the assumption that they are trying to live up to these ideals. This book introduces social science researchers to the "logic of conversation" developed by Paul Grice, a philosopher of language, who proposed the cooperative principle and a set of maxims on which conversationalists implicitly rely. The author applies this framework to a wide range of topics, including research on person perception, decision making, and the emergence of context effects in attitude measurement and public opinion research. Experimental studies reveal that the biases generally seen in such research are, in part, a function of violations of Gricean conversational norms. The author discusses implications for the design of experiments and questionnaires and addresses the socially contextualized nature of human judgment.
This book explores how professionals and policymakers in mental and physical health care can use lessons from the COVID pandemic to better inform future public policy and treatment. Using the United States as a test case, Norbert Goldfield draws on his professional experience in healthcare and policy-making to explore how some societies have emerged from the pandemic with increasing internal conflicts. The author uses excerpts from his own COVID diary to revisit key stages in the response to the COVID pandemic to highlight where division has entered the publish health discourse, and to set out an alternative vision of how mental and physical health can be framed professionally and publicly. In addition to this account, Dr Goldfield details how our political system should change with respect to pandemics and how health professionals, together with the lay public, can help. Specifically, the book highlights the three critical issues confronting American pandemic fragility: increasing vaccinations, decreasing misinformation, and fostering greater linkages between our public and acute health systems. This book will be invaluable for all types of health care professionals, both in mental and physical health arenas, lay people interested in the pandemic, and for policymakers.
Fossil hydrocarbons form a continuous series whose"heavy"members--heavy oils, bitumens, oil shale kerogens, and coal--are important sources of conventional lighter fuels. These hydrocarbons are much more abundant and easier to extract than natural gas and oil. This book discusses the origins and compositions of fossil hydrocarbons and shows how the"heavies"can be chemically transformed into environmentally clean gas, liquid transportation fuels, and an almost unlimited range of petrochemicals.Dr. Berkowitz explodes the entrenched dichotomy between"petroleum hydrocarbons"and coal that has shaped popular perceptions of energy, showing that it is feasible to develop new technologies that capitalize on the availability of"synthetic"natural gas and light oils.Fossil Hydrocarbons: Chemistry and Technology is a comprehensive treatment of fossil hydrocarbons, covering the source materials, biosources, metamorphic histories, geochemistry, classification, and molecular structure. It discusses the use of fossil hydrocarbons as a viable energy source in our future, detailing the preparation, processing and conversion technologies, as well as discussing the environmental issues that arise from production, processing, and use of various fossil hydrocarbons. - Approaches various fossil hydrocarbons as chemically related entities, thus dispelling the unwarranted distinctions between crude oils and coal - Explains how heavy fossil hydrocarbons can be processed by much the same methods as crude oils for good economic and environmental purpose - Illustrates how bitumens, oil shales, and coals are convertible into synthetic natural gas and oils - Shows a path for reasonable energy self-sufficiency, through conversion of heavy hydrocarbons into synthetic natural gas and oils - Augments each chapter with end-of-chapter notes and a detailed bibliography - Provides more than 200 useful tables, schematics, and figures
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