This book deals with the combustion and exhaust emissions of gas engines fueled with green biogas. Biogas is a mixture of gases, primarily consisting of methane and carbon dioxide. Biogas can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, food waste, etc. Biogas is considered to be a renewable source of energy. Therefore, it can contribute to the prevention of global warming. The biogas engine is used to co-generate electricity by operating engine and heat from hot exhaust gases. The energy source used very efficiently. Unlike other green energy sources such as wind and solar, biogas is readily available when needed. This book first describes the basics of biogas and its application to internal combustion engines. Next, it describes the engine system and the combustion phenomena in the engine cylinder. Engine technology continues to advance in spark ignition and dual-fuel engines to achieve higher thermal efficiency and lower harmful emissions. Several advanced combustion technologies are introduced to achieve higher thermal efficiency while avoiding knocking.
The teaching of English in the Expanding Circle, traditionally called EFL countries, has long been regarded as having no choice but to follow Inner Circle or Anglo-American norms, both in pedagogy and language models. This situation is in sharp contrast with that of the Outer Circle, or ESL countries, where the WE (World Englishes) paradigm, coupled with post-colonialism, has liberated the users of indigenous Englishes from the norms of Anglophone native speakers. Employing. Japan as a primary sample, this book proposes a new paradigm of EIL (English as an International Language) education, by integrating relevant paradigms such as WE and ELF (English as a Lingua Franca), which enables users of English from the Expanding Circle to represent their own voices in international communication.. Various examples of actual classroom practice in EIL are also presented, bridging the longstanding gap between theory and practice in this field.
Alignment phenomena are characteristic of liquid crystalline materials, and understanding them is critically important in understanding the essential features and behavior of liquid crystals and the performance of Liquid Crystal Devices (LCDs). Furthermore, in LCD production lines, the alignment process is of practical importance. Alignment Technologies and Applications of Liquid Crystal Devices demonstrates both the fundamental and practical aspects of alignment phenomena in liquid crystals. The physical basis of alignment phenomena is first introduced in order to aid the understanding of the various physical phenomena observed in the interface between liquid crystalline materials and alignment layer surfaces. Methods for the characterization of surfaces, which induce the alignment phenomena, and of the alignment layer itself are introduced. These methods are useful for the research of liquid crystalline materials and devices in academic research as well as in industry. In the practical sections, the alignment methods used in the LCD production lines are introduced with various other trials for the alignment technologies. LCD performances are also discussed in relation to alignment phenomena. The authors have a wide range of experience in both academic research and in industry. This book will be of interest to researchers and engineers working in the LCD industry, and for physics and chemistry researchers studying liquid crystalline materials.
This book deals with the combustion and exhaust emissions of gas engines fueled with green biogas. Biogas is a mixture of gases, primarily consisting of methane and carbon dioxide. Biogas can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, food waste, etc. Biogas is considered to be a renewable source of energy. Therefore, it can contribute to the prevention of global warming. The biogas engine is used to co-generate electricity by operating engine and heat from hot exhaust gases. The energy source used very efficiently. Unlike other green energy sources such as wind and solar, biogas is readily available when needed. This book first describes the basics of biogas and its application to internal combustion engines. Next, it describes the engine system and the combustion phenomena in the engine cylinder. Engine technology continues to advance in spark ignition and dual-fuel engines to achieve higher thermal efficiency and lower harmful emissions. Several advanced combustion technologies are introduced to achieve higher thermal efficiency while avoiding knocking.
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