This book presents the latest topics in ecological and evolutionary research on aquatic biodiversity from bacteria to fishes, with special reference to Lake Biwa, an ancient lake in western Japan. With a geological history of 4 million years, Lake Biwa is the third oldest lake in the world. It is considered a biodiversity hotspot, where 1,769 aquatic species including 61 endemics are recorded, providing a rare opportunity to study the evolutionary diversification of aquatic biota and its ecological consequences. The first chapter introduces the evolutionary history of biodiversity, especially of fish in this lake. In the second chapter, some examples of trophic polymorphism in fish are described. Fish are keystone predators in lake ecosystems, and they can be a major driver for altering biological communities through their top-down trophic cascading effects. An excellent laboratory experiment is presented, demonstrating that functional diversity of fish feeding morphology alters food web properties of plankton prey communities. The third chapter focuses on aquatic microbes, whose abundance and diversity may also be influenced by the diversity of fish through top-down trophic cascades. Aquatic microbes can have a strong impact on ecosystem functioning in lakes, and in this chapter, the latest molecular techniques used to examine genetic and functional diversity of microbial communities are introduced. The final chapter presents theoretical frameworks for predicting how biodiversity has the potential to control the incidence and intensity of human-induced regime shifts. While respecting the precious nature of biodiversity in lakes, it is essential to be aware that modern human activities have brought a crisis of biodiversity loss in lakes worldwide. Throughout this book, readers will learn why biodiversity must be conserved at all levels, from genes to ecosystems.
The main purpose of this volume is to emphasize the multidisciplinary aspects of this very active new line of research in which concrete technological and industrial realizations require the combined efforts of experimental and theoretical physicists, mathematicians and engineers. Contents: Coherent Quantum Control of o-Atoms through the Stochastic Limit (L Accardi et al.); Recent Advances in Quantum White Noise Calculus (L Accardi & A Boukas); Joint Extension of States of Fermion Subsystems (H Araki); Fidelity of Quantum Teleportation Model Using Beam Splittings (K-H Fichtner et al.); Quantum Logical Gates Realized by Beam Splittings (W Freudenberg et al.); Noncanonical Representations of a Multi-dimensional Brownian Motion (Y Hibino); Information, Innovation and Elemental Random Field (T Hida); Generalized Sectors and Adjunctions to Control MicroOCoMacro Transitions (I Ojima); Saturation of an Entropy Bound and Quantum Markov States (D Petz); An Infinite Dimensional Laplacian Acting on Some Class of L(r)vy White Noise Functionals (K Sait); Structure of Linear Processes (S Si & W W Htay); Group Theory of Dynamical Maps (E C G Sudarshan); Quantum Entanglement, Purification, and Linear-optics Quantum Gates with Photonic Qubits (P Walther & A Zeilinger); On Quantum Mutual Type Measures and Capacity (N Watanabe); and other papers. Readership: Researchers in quantum physics and theoretical physics.
This volume is a collection of articles written by Professor M Ohya over the past three decades in the areas of quantum teleportation, quantum information theory, quantum computer, etc. By compiling Ohya's important works in these areas, the book serves as a useful reference for researchers who are working in these fields.
This book presents the latest topics in ecological and evolutionary research on aquatic biodiversity from bacteria to fishes, with special reference to Lake Biwa, an ancient lake in western Japan. With a geological history of 4 million years, Lake Biwa is the third oldest lake in the world. It is considered a biodiversity hotspot, where 1,769 aquatic species including 61 endemics are recorded, providing a rare opportunity to study the evolutionary diversification of aquatic biota and its ecological consequences. The first chapter introduces the evolutionary history of biodiversity, especially of fish in this lake. In the second chapter, some examples of trophic polymorphism in fish are described. Fish are keystone predators in lake ecosystems, and they can be a major driver for altering biological communities through their top-down trophic cascading effects. An excellent laboratory experiment is presented, demonstrating that functional diversity of fish feeding morphology alters food web properties of plankton prey communities. The third chapter focuses on aquatic microbes, whose abundance and diversity may also be influenced by the diversity of fish through top-down trophic cascades. Aquatic microbes can have a strong impact on ecosystem functioning in lakes, and in this chapter, the latest molecular techniques used to examine genetic and functional diversity of microbial communities are introduced. The final chapter presents theoretical frameworks for predicting how biodiversity has the potential to control the incidence and intensity of human-induced regime shifts. While respecting the precious nature of biodiversity in lakes, it is essential to be aware that modern human activities have brought a crisis of biodiversity loss in lakes worldwide. Throughout this book, readers will learn why biodiversity must be conserved at all levels, from genes to ecosystems.
This three-volume book provides a comprehensive review of experiments in very strong magnetic fields that can only be generated with very special magnets. The first volume is entirely devoted to the technology of laboratory magnets: permanent, superconducting, high-power water-cooled and hybrid; pulsed magnets, both nondestructive and destructive (megagauss fields). Volumes 2 and 3 contain reviews of the different areas of research where strong magnetic fields are an essential research tool. These volumes deal primarily with solid-state physics; other research areas covered are biological systems, chemistry, atomic and molecular physics, nuclear resonance, plasma physics and astrophysics (including QED).
Electronic devices based on oxide semiconductors are the focus of much attention, with crystalline materials generating huge commercial success. Indium–gallium–zinc oxide (IGZO) transistors have a higher mobility than amorphous silicon transistors, and an extremely low off-state current. C-axis aligned crystalline (CAAC) IGZO enables aggressive down-scaling, high reliability, and process simplification of transistors in displays and LSI devices. This original book introduces the CAAC-IGZO structure, and describes the physics and technology of this new class of oxide materials. It explains the crystallographic classification and characteristics of crystalline oxide semiconductors, their crystallographic characteristics and physical properties, and how this unique material has made a major contribution to the field of oxide semiconductor thin films. Two further books in this series describe applications of CAAC-IGZO in flat-panel displays and LSI devices. Key features: Introduces the unique and revolutionary, yet relatively unknown crystalline oxide semiconductor CAAC-IGZO Presents crystallographic overviews of IGZO and related compounds. Offers an in-depth understanding of CAAC-IGZO. Explains the fabrication method of CAAC-IGZO thin films. Presents the physical properties and latest data to support high-reliability crystalline IGZO based on hands-on experience. Describes the manufacturing process the CAAC-IGZO transistors and introduces the device application using CAAC-IGZO.
This book summarizes most of the fundamental physical phenomena which semiconductors and their modulated structures exhibit in high magnetic fields. Readers can learn not only the basic theoretical background but also the present state of the art from the most advanced data in this rapidly growing research area.
The most useful reactions of organonitro compounds in organic synthesis Compounds containing nitro groups are useful intermediates for the synthesis of natural products and other complex organic molecules. The Nitro Group in Organic Synthesis focuses on reactions that proceed under mild conditions, important functional groups that can be synthesized by conversion of nitro groups, and the stereoselectivity of reactions of nitro compounds. These issues are of great importance to practicing researchers in today's pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and fine chemical industries. The Nitro Group in Organic Synthesis also emphasizes environmentally-friendly methods for nitration, the importance of aliphatic nitro compounds, and modern preparation of nitro compounds. Other topics discussed include: * Henry reaction * Asymmetric Michael addition * Alkylation, acylation, halogenation, and related reactions of RNO2 * Substitution and elimination of NO2 and RNO2 The Nitro Group in Organic Synthesis is a useful resource for researchers and students in organic and medicinal chemistry.
Constructing Subjectivities addresses the relationship between memory and modernity and its relevance to Japanese autobiographical texts. Tomonari construes autobiographies as embodying memory in modernity, and regards the conditions of modernity as having determined, in part, the shape of autobiographical texts. At the same time, however, he argues that Japanese autobiographies were not simply bound to the cultural and social norms of the time, but rather that the texts themselves were among the main agents of fostering Japanese modernity. The autobiographies he discusses served to initiate certain societal transitions and took part in the remaking of social norms and conventions. According to Constructing Subjectivities, mnemonic texts were crucial to the construction of modern ideological discourses such as those on the self, the family, entrepreneurship, the roles of women, and the nation. The study of this discursive process enables us to understand how the Japanese themselves tried to control the form of modernity that materialized in Japan. Because autobiography constructed and embodied collective memory at this time, analyzing the discursive process is also crucial to understanding both contemporary Japan and the self-perception of the Japanese people.
If a substance is repeatedly subdivided, the result is what are known as "microscopic particles". These particles are distinguished from the solid mass which they originally formed by the size of the surface area per unit weight. This simple difference holds true down to a certain lower size limit, and when this limit is exceeded, a new state of matter is reached, in which the behavior of the particles is quite different to that of the original solid. Particles in this state are termed "superfine particles", and are distinct from ordinary particles. The size of the superfine particles, that is to say the size limit below which particle behavior is completely different from the behavior of the original solid, varies a good deal depending on the physical properties of the substance in question. Properties such as magnetism and electrical resistance are closely related to the internal structural properties of the particles themselves, such as the magnetization processes of their respective magnetic domains, and the mean free path of charged bodies. This internal structure therefore limits the size of the superfine particles. In ceramic processing, on the other hand, the surface area of the particles themselves becomes an even more important factor than their internal structure. In this case, the size of the superfine particles is determined by the interaction between water and solvents on the surface of the particles.
In his four-volume "Principles", Steuart noted, for example, the economic consequences of the Seven Years' War in Germany, the state of agriculture in Picardy, and the problem of depopulation in the cities of the Austrian Netherlands.
Thank you for visiting our website. Would you like to provide feedback on how we could improve your experience?
This site does not use any third party cookies with one exception — it uses cookies from Google to deliver its services and to analyze traffic.Learn More.