Much in the same way as classical algebraic varieties are generalized by the theory of schemes, locally semi-algebraic spaces are generalized by a class of locally ringed spaces, called real closed spaces. The underlying spaces of affine real closed spaces are real spectra of rings, the structure sheaves are called real closed sheaves. With these spaces a theory can be developed which is very similar to the theory of schemes. There is a natural functor from the category of semi-algebraic spaces to the category of real closed spaces. Via this functor properties of semi-algebraic spaces and their corresponding real closed spaces can be compared.
Spectral spaces are a class of topological spaces. They are a tool linking algebraic structures, in a very wide sense, with geometry. They were invented to give a functional representation of Boolean algebras and distributive lattices and subsequently gained great prominence as a consequence of Grothendieck's invention of schemes. There are more than 1,000 research articles about spectral spaces, but this is the first monograph. It provides an introduction to the subject and is a unified treatment of results scattered across the literature, filling in gaps and showing the connections between different results. The book includes new research going beyond the existing literature, answering questions that naturally arise from this comprehensive approach. The authors serve graduates by starting gently with the basics. For experts, they lead them to the frontiers of current research, making this book a valuable reference source.
The book lays algebraic foundations for real geometry through a systematic investigation of partially ordered rings of semi-algebraic functions. Real spectra serve as primary geometric objects, the maps between them are determined by rings of functions associated with the spectra. The many different possible choices for these rings of functions are studied via reflections of partially ordered rings. Readers should feel comfortable using basic algebraic and categorical concepts. As motivational background some familiarity with real geometry will be helpful. The book aims at researchers and graduate students with an interest in real algebra and geometry, ordered algebraic structures, topology and rings of continuous functions.
The use of comparisons to explain, analyze and understand social and economic phenomena is recognized as a valuable social science tool. This textbook deals with the differences in management and organization between nations and their effects on multinational enterprises. In comparing management practice across the world, the authors cover themes such as national cultures, diversity and globalization. Students are guided through the key business disciplines, providing a broad introduction to the field and including truly global coverage. With student and instructor friendly resources such as chapter summaries, mini-case scenarios, larger case studies and power-point slides, this book is core reading for students of international business and international management.
Comparative International Management is a classic textbook for International Business that teaches the core concepts of International Business through a systematic comparison of management practice in countries across the world. This approach, unique to textbooks in the field, highlights cultural and behavioural themes, demonstrates the diversity of practice in global business, and allows for an exploration of globalization. Fully revised and updated, this third edition has been restructured for clarity and ease of use, with new sections covering theoretical underpinnings so that they are easy to understand. Also new to this edition: Coverage of emerging and contemporary issues including environment and sustainability issues; international SMEs and entrepreneurship; technology, AI, and automation; and the future of work post-pandemic Practical application sections to help readers connect theory with practice More coverage of government and non-profit organizations Reflective and problem-solving questions at the end of each chapter With student- and instructor-friendly online resources such as chapter summaries, mini-case scenarios, larger case studies, and PowerPoint slides, this book is essential core reading for advanced level and postgraduate students in International Business and International Management.
Election 2008 turned out to be a watershed contests, looking to crucial decisions of policy change about the war in Iraq, the international economy, global warming, social security and immigration. God in the Obama Era is written for general readers and is designed to help give objectivity and perspective on debated issues. Its approach is narrative and chronological, not dogmatic. Its premise is that the contemporary presidency stands in a longer historical tradition, which conditions both philosophical, and value judgments. A scholar, who has written in both the history and philosophy of religion, the author is interested in the long term moral values and religious symbols that motivate both voters and public officials. Of course, he is not so naïve as to suppose that truth is always on one side of the election divide. Clearly, the U. S. Constitution guarantees both freedom of worship and the non-establishment of religion. But faith convictions remain a powerful ideological force in American politics.
The book is an advanced textbook and a reference text in functional analysis in the wide sense. It provides advanced undergraduate and graduate students with a coherent introduction to the field, i.e. the basic principles, and leads them to more demanding topics such as the spectral theorem, Choquet theory, interpolation theory, analysis of operator semigroups, Hilbert-Schmidt operators and Hille-Tamarkin operators, topological vector spaces and distribution theory, fundamental solutions, or the Schwartz kernel theorem.All topics are treated in great detail and the text provided is suitable for self-studying the subject. This is enhanced by more than 270 problems solved in detail. At the same time the book is a reference text for any working mathematician needing results from functional analysis, operator theory or the theory of distributions.Embedded as Volume V in the Course of Analysis, readers will have a self-contained treatment of a key area in modern mathematics. A detailed list of references invites to further studies.
Today terrorism has become a world-wide phenomenon which does not stop at the European borders. Following the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Centre and terrorist attacks in Paris, Madrid and London, concerns have arisen in Europe about potential liability exposure for terrorism-related damage. This book tackles the problem of civil liability for damage caused by terrorist acts from several angles. The authors expertly deliver a comprehensive analysis of terrorism-related risk under international and EU law, and the national tort law systems of seven representative EU Member States. They also provide a comparison of the situation in Europe to the liability environment in the United States. Risk mitigation strategies are considered and critically assessed, as are alternative systems for redressing terrorism-related risks. The book concludes with a reflection on the analysis and presents possible strategies for future regulation by the European lawmakers.
After recalling essentials of analysis OCo including functional analysis, convexity, distribution theory and interpolation theory OCo this book handles two topics in detail: Fourier analysis, with emphasis on positivity and also on some function spaces and multiplier theorems; and one-parameter operator semigroups with emphasis on Feller semigroups and Lp-sub-Markovian semigroups. In addition, Dirichlet forms are treated. The book is self-contained and offers new material originated by the author and his students. Sample Chapter(s). Introduction: Pseudo Differential Operators and Markov Processes (207 KB). Chapter 1: Introduction (190 KB). Contents: Essentials from Analysis: Calculus Results; Convexity; Some Interpolation Theory; Fourier Analysis and Convolution Semigroups: The PaleyOCoWienerOCoSchwartz Theorem; Bounded Borel Measures and Positive Definite Functions; Convolution Semigroups and Negative Definite Functions; The L(r)vyOCoKhinchin Formula for Continuous Negative Definite Functions; Bernstein Functions and Subordination of Convolution Semigroups; Fourier Multiplier Theorems; One Parameter Semigroups: Strongly Continuous Operator Semigroups; Subordination in the Sense of Bochner for Operator Semigroups; Generators of Feller Semigroups; Dirichlet Forms and Generators of Sub-Markovian Semigroups; and other papers. Readership: Graduate students, researchers and lecturers in analysis & differential equations, stochastics, probability & statistics, and mathematical physics.
This work covers two topics in detail: Fourier analysis, with emphasis on positivity and also on some function spaces and multiplier theorems; and one-parameter operator semigroups with emphasis on Feller semigroups and Lp-sub-Markovian semigroups. In addition, Dirichlet forms are treated.
In the part on Fourier analysis, we discuss pointwise convergence results, summability methods and, of course, convergence in the quadratic mean of Fourier series. More advanced topics include a first discussion of Hardy spaces. We also spend some time handling general orthogonal series expansions, in particular, related to orthogonal polynomials. Then we switch to the Fourier integral, i.e. the Fourier transform in Schwartz space, as well as in some Lebesgue spaces or of measures.Our treatment of ordinary differential equations starts with a discussion of some classical methods to obtain explicit integrals, followed by the existence theorems of Picard-Lindelöf and Peano which are proved by fixed point arguments. Linear systems are treated in great detail and we start a first discussion on boundary value problems. In particular, we look at Sturm-Liouville problems and orthogonal expansions. We also handle the hypergeometric differential equations (using complex methods) and their relations to special functions in mathematical physics. Some qualitative aspects are treated too, e.g. stability results (Ljapunov functions), phase diagrams, or flows.Our introduction to the calculus of variations includes a discussion of the Euler-Lagrange equations, the Legendre theory of necessary and sufficient conditions, and aspects of the Hamilton-Jacobi theory. Related first order partial differential equations are treated in more detail.The text serves as a companion to lecture courses, and it is also suitable for self-study. The text is complemented by ca. 260 problems with detailed solutions.
After recalling essentials of analysis — including functional analysis, convexity, distribution theory and interpolation theory — this book handles two topics in detail: Fourier analysis, with emphasis on positivity and also on some function spaces and multiplier theorems; and one-parameter operator semigroups with emphasis on Feller semigroups and Lp-sub-Markovian semigroups. In addition, Dirichlet forms are treated. The book is self-contained and offers new material originated by the author and his students./a
Drug-Acceptor Interactions: Modeling theoretical tools to test and evaluate experimental equilibrium effects suggests novel theoretical tools to test and evaluate drug interactions seen with combinatorial drug therapy. The book provides an in-depth, yet controversial, exploration of existing tools for analysis of dose-response studies at equilibrium or steady state. The book is recommended reading for post-graduate students and researchers engaged in the study of systems biology, networks, and the pharmacodynamics of natural or industrial drugs, as well as for medical clinicians interested in drug application and combinatorial drug therapy. Even people without mathematical skills will be able to follow the pros and cons of reaction schemes and their related distribution equations. Chapter 9 is a hands-on guide for software to plot, fit and analyze one’s own data.
Business and employee management are key subjects in business administration. For decades, actually for centuries, there has been a discussion about how effective leadership of people or employees can be realized. It has always been a major concern within market-based economic systems to learn how its products and services should be designed in order to generate consumer demand. That the discussion about business and employee management is more relevant than ever is linked to the fact that leadership situations are influenced by a variety of external factors. They include, in particular, political, cultural, social, demographic, economic, and technological developments. It is therefore required for business and employee management to be adapted to those external framework conditions on a permanent basis. In former times, the assumption in mainstream leadership research was that leadership success relied on specific personal characteristics. Later on, the prevailing view was that the decisive factors in employee management lied in specific leadership behavior or leadership styles. Today's research on leadership is dominated by situation-oriented approaches, providing for specific leadership concepts for specific organizational and employee-related structures. The present thesis is an attempt to bundle a variety of approaches to leadership with the aim of providing an overarching framework for concepts of a similar nature. Therefore, the leadership concept to be developed in what follows is to be characterized by the principles of holism and sustainability. The first step is to present the fundamentals of leadership and management in order to introduce key terms and concepts and provide an overview of the research on leadership. Chapter 3 deals with separately displaying the business and employee management approaches of various management pioneers, distinguishing between early and con-temporary pioneers. Each approach is presented in consideration of its key elements, its strengths and opportunities, as well as its weaknesses and limitations. The fourth chapter, finally, is devoted to developing a holistic and sustainable leader-ship concept.
This volume concentrates on how to construct a Markov process by starting with a suitable pseudo-differential operator. Feller processes, Hunt processes associated with Lp-sub-Markovian semigroups and processes constructed by using the Martingale problem are at the center of the considerations. The potential theory of these processes is further developed and applications are discussed. Due to the non-locality of the generators, the processes are jump processes and their relations to Levy processes are investigated. Special emphasis is given to the symbol of a process, a notion which generalizes that of the characteristic exponent of a Levy process and provides a natural link to pseudo-differential operator theory.
This book offers a comparative analysis of the institutional law of public international organizations, covering issues such as membership, institutional structure, decisions and decision-making, legal status, privileges and immunities. It has been designed to appeal to both academics and practitioners.
This book offers a systematic analysis of the violent clashes between the South Indian 'right' and 'left' hand caste divisions that repeatedly rocked the European settlements on the Coromandel Coast in the early colonial period. Whereas the Indian population expected the colonial authorities to intervene in the disputes, the Europeans were reluctant to get involved in conflicts which they barely understood. In the nineteenth century the significance of the divisions diminished, a development that has long puzzled historians and anthropologists. In addition, this study addresses the larger issue of the nature of colonial encounters. The rich material relating to these disputes convincingly demonstrates how Europeans and Indians, as they sought to incorporate each other into their own social structure and conceptual universe, participated in a dialogue on the nature of South Indian society.
While historians have acknowledged that the issues of race, slavery, and emancipation were not unique to the American Civil War, they have less frequently recognized the conflict’s similarities to other global events. As renowned historian Carl Degler pointed out, the Civil War was “one among many” such conflicts during the mid-nineteenth century. Understanding the Civil War’s place in world history requires placing it within a global context of other mid-nineteenth-century political, social, and cultural issues and events. In The Civil War in the Age of Nationalism, Niels Eichhorn and Duncan A. Campbell explore the conflict from this perspective, taking a transnational and comparative approach, with a particular focus on the period from the 1830s to the 1870s. Eichhorn and Campbell examine the development of nationalism and its frequent manifestation, secession, by comparing the American experience with that of several other nations, including Germany, Hungary, and Brazil. They compare the Civil War to the Crimean and Franco-German wars to determine whether the American conflict was the first modern war. To gauge the potential of foreign intervention in the Civil War, they look to the time’s developing international debate on the legality of intercession and mediation in other nations’ insurgencies. Using the experiences of Indigenous peoples in the Americas, Africa, and the Antipodes, Eichhorn and Campbell suggest the extent to which the United States was an imperial project. To examine realpolitik, they study four vastly different practitioners—Otto von Bismarck, Louis Napoleon, Count Cavour, and Abraham Lincoln. Finally, they compare emancipation in the United States to that in Peru and the end of forced servitude in Russia, closing with a comparison of the memorialization of the Civil War with the experiences of other post-emancipation societies and an examination of how other nations mythologized their past conflicts and ignored uncomfortable truths in the pursuit of reconciliation. The Civil War in the Age of Nationalism avoids the limitations of American exceptionalism, making it the first genuine comparative and transnational study of the Civil War in an international context.
This book analyzes the impact of migration on the lives of multiple generations of 2000 Turkish families. Exploring education, marriage, fertility, friends, attitudes and religiosity, it reveals transformations and continuities in the lives of migrants and their families in Europe when compared to their non-migrant counterparts in Turkey.
It was the end of 2005 when our employer, a major European Investment Bank, gave our team the mandate to compute in an accurate way the counterparty credit exposure arising from exotic derivatives traded by the ?rm. As often happens, - posure of products such as, for example, exotic interest-rate, or credit derivatives were modelled under conservative assumptions and credit of?cers were struggling to assess the real risk. We started with a few models written on spreadsheets, t- lored to very speci?c instruments, and soon it became clear that a more systematic approach was needed. So we wrote some tools that could be used for some classes of relatively simple products. A couple of years later we are now in the process of building a system that will be used to trade and hedge counterparty credit ex- sure in an accurate way, for all types of derivative products in all asset classes. We had to overcome problems ranging from modelling in a consistent manner different products booked in different systems and building the appropriate architecture that would allow the computation and pricing of credit exposure for all types of pr- ucts, to ?nding the appropriate management structure across Business, Risk, and IT divisions of the ?rm. In this book we describe some of our experience in modelling counterparty credit exposure, computing credit valuation adjustments, determining appropriate hedges, and building a reliable system.
This book deals with a central topic at the interface of chemistry and physics—the understanding of how the transformation of matter takes place at the atomic level. Building on the laws of physics, the book focuses on the theoretical framework for predicting the outcome of chemical reactions. The style is highly systematic with attention to basic concepts and clarity of presentation. The emphasis is on concepts and insights obtained via analytical theories rather than computational and numerical aspects. Molecular reaction dynamics is about the detailed atomic-level description of chemical reactions. Based on quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics, the dynamics of uni- and bi-molecular elementary reactions are described. The book features a comprehensive presentation of transition-state theory which plays an important role in practice, and a detailed discussion of basic theories of reaction dynamics in condensed phases. Examples and end-of-chapter problems are included in order to illustrate the theory and its connection to chemical problems. The second edition includes updated descriptions of adiabatic and non-adiabatic electron-nuclear dynamics, an expanded discussion of classical two-body models of chemical reactions, including the Langevin model, additional material on quantum tunnelling and its implementation in Transition-State Theory, and a more thorough description of the Born and Onsager models for solvation.
Uncertainties about analytical models, fluctuations in loads, and variability of material properties contribute to the small but real probability of structure failures. This advanced engineering text describes methods developed to deal with stochastic aspects of structural behavior, providing a framework for evaluating, comparing, and combining stochastic effects. Starting with the general problem of consistent evaluation of the reliability of structures, the text proceeds to examination of the second-moment reliability index methods that describe failure in terms of one or more limit states. It presents first-order reliability methods for computation of failure probabilities for individual limit states and for systems; and it illustrates identification of the design parameters most affecting reliability. Additional subjects include a self-contained presentation of extreme-value theory and stochastic processes; stationary, evolutionary, and nonlinear aspects of stochastic response of structures; a stochastic approach to material fatigue damage and crack propagation; and stochastic models for several natural and manufactured loads.
In March 2016 the Dutch Case Studies Project began in which about fifty chaplains participated as co-researchers in collecting practice-based evidence on what chaplains aim for, how they pursue it, and with what results. The chaplain-researchers produced case studies which were discussed collaboratively in research communities which were chaired by academic researchers. The engagement of chaplains in research can be understood from the development in the profession of integrating research into chaplaincy. While it is presumed that research benefits chaplains’ practices, so far the impact of research on chaplains’ practice had not been studied. Based on mixed-methods (observation, interviews, survey, focus groups), this dissertation describes, analyzes and reflects on the perceived change of chaplains’ professionalism as a result of their participation in the Case Studies Project. This practical theological research provides insight in the value of the double role of chaplain-researcher for chaplains’ professionalism.
We evaluate the impact of fiscal reforms on growth and inequality in Cambodia using a calibrated general equilibrium model with heterogeneous agents (Peralta-Alva et al., 2018). Over the last two decades, Cambodia’s consumption inequality and poverty have declined. However, income inequality is higher, and large gaps remain between urban and rural residents. At the same time, domestic revenue mobilization has improved substantially, but collection of tax revenue is biased towards non-progressive sources. We use the model to evaluate the growth and inequality impact of reforms that increase infrastructure spending by raising (i) VAT, (ii) property tax, or (iii) personal income tax. We find that using property taxes delivers the largest increase in GDP and reduction in inequality. Reaping the gains from property taxation will however require additional investments in tax administration.
This book presents the theory of threaded cognition, a theory that aims to explain the multitasking mind. The theory states that multitasking behavior can be expressed as cognitive threads-independent streams of thought that weave through the mind's processing resources to produce multitasking behavior, and sometimes experience conflicts to produce multitasking interference. Grounded in the ACT-R cognitive architecture, threaded cognition incorporates computational representations and mechanisms used to simulate and predict multitasking behavior and performance.
Can human rights be enforced against corporations? This work analyses different enforcement mechanisms. It examines one of the most powerful instruments: the Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA) litigation in the United States. The ATCA has been used as one of the chief weapons in a 21st-century battle over corporate responsibility in the age of globalization. For instance, the ATCA has been invoked to seek compensation from German companies in respect of forced labor during the Holocaust. Further examples include claims relating to genocide against a Canadian company, forced labor claims against a US company and numerous others. The ATCA litigation often refers to the «law of nations», but do the US courts interpret this term consistently with other accepted interpretations of international law? The short answer to that question is 'no'. However, in the absence of enforceable international law mechanisms, this lacuna needs to be filled. Domestic litigation of matters that are inherently transnational in character, as occurs in ATCA human rights litigation, represents a viable mechanism to enforce human rights.
This classic work by the Nobel Laureate elaborates on the correspondence principle, discussing the theory's applications from a uniform point of view and considering the underlying assumptions in their relations to ordinary mechanics and electrodynamics. Bohr closely traces the analogy between quantum theory and ordinary theory of radiation. 1918-1922 editions.
This volume concentrates on how to construct a Markov process by starting with a suitable pseudo-differential operator. Feller processes, Hunt processes associated with Lp-sub-Markovian semigroups and processes constructed by using the Martingale problem are at the center of the considerations. The potential theory of these processes is further developed and applications are discussed. Due to the non-locality of the generators, the processes are jump processes and their relations to Levy processes are investigated. Special emphasis is given to the symbol of a process, a notion which generalizes that of the characteristic exponent of a Levy process and provides a natural link to pseudo-differential operator theory./a
In this volume two topics are discussed: the construction of Feller and Lp-sub-Markovian semigroups by starting with a pseudo-differential operator, and the potential theory of these semigroups and their generators. The first part of the text essentially discusses the analysis of pseudo-differential operators with negative definite symbols and develops a symbolic calculus; in addition, it deals with special approaches, such as subordination in the sense of Bochner. The second part handles capacities, function spaces associated with continuous negative definite functions, Lp -sub-Markovian semigroups in their associated Bessel potential spaces, Stein's Littlewood-Paley theory, global properties of Lp-sub-Markovian semigroups, and estimates for transition functions.
Right Face tells the compelling story of how the American conservative movement in the two decades following World War II managed to move from obscurity to the center stage of national politics. When Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 defeated the conservative champion Robert Taft and won the Republican presidential nomination, many on the American right felt that they had become homeless within the established party-system. The brand of liberalism which permeated the nation's intellectual life had also become bipartisan political doctrine. The feeling of cultural and political ostracism triggered a quest for an independent conservative network of organizations, with the hope of either "taking back" the Republican Party or creating a viable alternative. The first part of Right Face recounts the often bitter struggle to define the meaning of conservatism in modern America. Part two concerns the search for influential national outlets for conservative opinion, whereas part three focuses on the movement's actual plunge into electoral politics - not least on its well-planned takeover of the Republican Party machinery in 1964 and the resulting presidential nomination of Senator Barry Goldwater. An epilogue attempts to trace main currents in the evolution of American conservatism since the 1960s, as well as to assess the extent to which American conservatives have managed to create the "Counter-Establishment" they set out to create more than half a century ago. In a sense the conservatives actually set out on two different quests: One was for intellectual respectability. The other was for political power. As this study reveals, the two goals were not always compatible. Based on extensive archival sources, Right Face provides an incisive analysis of the conservative movement and the forces that shaped it. With its blending of intellectual and organizational developments, it adds an important chapter to the history of American political culture in the 20th century.
Analysis as an independent subject was created as part of the scientific revolution in the seventeenth century. Kepler, Galileo, Descartes, Fermat, Huygens, Newton, and Leibniz, to name but a few, contributed to its genesis. Since the end of the seventeenth century, the historical progress of mathematical analysis has displayed unique vitality and momentum. No other mathematical field has so profoundly influenced the development of modern scientific thinking. Describing this multidimensional historical development requires an in-depth discussion which includes a reconstruction of general trends and an examination of the specific problems. This volume is designed as a collective work of authors who are proven experts in the history of mathematics. It clarifies the conceptual change that analysis underwent during its development while elucidating the influence of specific applications and describing the relevance of biographical and philosophical backgrounds. The first ten chapters of the book outline chronological development and the last three chapters survey the history of differential equations, the calculus of variations, and functional analysis. Special features are a separate chapter on the development of the theory of complex functions in the nineteenth century and two chapters on the influence of physics on analysis. One is about the origins of analytical mechanics, and one treats the development of boundary-value problems of mathematical physics (especially potential theory) in the nineteenth century. The book presents an accurate and very readable account of the history of analysis. Each chapter provides a comprehensive bibliography. Mathematical examples have been carefully chosen so that readers with a modest background in mathematics can follow them. It is suitable for mathematical historians and a general mathematical audience.
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