This volume presents in a forthright and lively way, an account of the philosophical position generally identified as Postpositivistic that undergirds much of mainstream research in education and the related social sciences. The discussion throughout is informed by recent developments in philosophy of science. This book argues that, while there is much to be learned from recent critiques regarding truth in research, traditional scientific values and assumptions are not outmoded. Visit our website for sample chapters!
Buffy's adventures continue with a fun day at the park together with Nicholas, Alexandra, and Daddy! Spotting another little puppy along the way who seems sad and is howling nearby, Buffy remembers that "it's good to share" and knows just what to do! Be sure to collect all of the books in THE BUFFY SERIES, as Buffy goes so many places and has more adventures to share!
Soon after the recognition of a new, fatal disease in UK cattle,it was realised that the disorder was one of a very unusual group of neurodegenerative diseases, the spongiform encephalopathies, which affect both humans and animals- for example, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) in humans and scrapie in sheep.The new disease was therefore dubbed Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). This volume of the Inquiry deals with the known science of BSE. Chapter two is an account of the scientific knowledge on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) that existed in 1986, the point at which BSE was distinguished as a new disease. Chapter three discusses the evolution of knowledge and understanding of BSE based on the research initiated in response to it. This volume explores the evidence of a link between BSE and the appearance of a new variant of CJD in young people. The development of tests to diagnose TSEs is described in chapter five. The next section sets out how the Government commissioned and funded research, and sets out the system for doing this in the context of the annual public expenditure plan. The final section contains a discussion on the conclusions that can be drawn about the scientific investigation of BSE. The shortcomings of the BSE research programme, identified with hindsight, are also discussed.
The BSE Inquiry was set up to: establish and review the history of the emergence and identification of BSE and variant CJD in the United Kingdom, and of the action taken in response to it up to 20 March 1996; reach conclusions on the adequacy of that response, taking into account the state of knowledge at the time; and to report on these matters to the Government. This executive summary presents the overview of the key findings and conclusions. BSE developed into an epidemic as a consequence of an intensive farming practice - the recycling of animal protein in ruminant feed. The report states that in the years up to March 1996 most of those responsible for responding to the challenge posed by BSE emerge with credit. However, there were a number of shortcomings in the way things were done. The Government took measures to address both the hazard to animal health and human health, but these were not always timely nor adequately implemented and enforced. The Inquiry found that the rigour with which policy measures were implemented for the protection of human health was affected by the belief of many prior to early 1996 that BSE was not a potential threat to human life. The Government was anxious to act in the best interests of human and animal health. To this end it sought and followed the advice of independent scientific experts - sometimes when decisions could have been reached more swiftly and satisfactorily within government. At times officials showed a lack of rigour in considering how policy should be turned into practice, to the detriment of the efficacy of the measures taken, and on occasion the bureaucratic processes resulted in unacceptable delay in giving effect to policy. The report demonstrates that the Government introduced measures to guard against the risk that BSE might be a matter of life and death not merely for cattle but also for humans, but the possibility of a risk to humans was not communicated to the public or to those whose job it was to implement and enforce the precautionary measures. The Inquiry concludes that the Government did not lie to the public about BSE. It believed that the risks posed by BSE to humans were remote. The Government was preoccupied with preventing an alarmist over-reaction to BSE because it believed that the risk was remote. It is stated that the campaign of reassurance was a mistake. When on 20 March 1996 the Government announced that BSE had probably been transmitted to humans, the public felt that they had been betrayed. Confidence in government pronouncements about risk was a further casualty of BSE. Cases of a new variant of CJD (vCJD) were identified by the CJD Surveillance Unit and the conclusion that they were probably linked to BSE was reached as early as was reasonably possible. The link between BSE and vCJD is now clearly established, though the manner of infection is not clear. This volume is accompanied by a CD ROM which contains the Inquiry's full report.
Return to an Order of the Honourable the House of Commons Dated October 2000 for the Report, Evidence and Supporting Papers of the Inquiry Into the Emergence and Identification of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) and Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) and the Action Taken in Response to it Up to 20 March 1996
Return to an Order of the Honourable the House of Commons Dated October 2000 for the Report, Evidence and Supporting Papers of the Inquiry Into the Emergence and Identification of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) and Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) and the Action Taken in Response to it Up to 20 March 1996
This volume is concerned with the implications that BSE had for human health. It covers the period from February 1989 to 20th March 1996 when the announcement of a probable link between BSE and a new variant of CJD (vCJD) (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) was made. The policy of slaughter and compensation of BSE-infected cattle, the primary aim of which was to address the risk that BSE might be transmissible to humans, is looked at from the earlier date of August 1988. Of particular interest is the question of whether there was universal compliance with the obligation to give notification of any animals showing symptoms of BSE.This volume is largely concerned with the risk of transmission via the food chain although it also considers occupational risk, the risk posed to schoolchildren who dissected bovine eyeballs and the implications for human health of the disposal of bovine waste generated by the cattle compulsorily slaughtered and by the banning of Specified Bovine Offal (SBO). Other significant pathways are dealt with in volume 7, 'Medicines and cosmetics'.The advice of the Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Committee (SEAC) which related to public health is considered in this report. The diagnosis of CJD in younger people, the media reaction to these cases and the official responses are also examined.Chapter 7 covers the final period and describes the consideration given by the CJD Surveillance Unit and SEAC to the growing number of cases of CJD in young victims, leading to the conclusion that these were suffering from a new variant of CJD that was probably transmitted from BSE. It examines when officials and Ministers in MAFF and DH first appreciated that this was a possibility and whether they reacted soon enough. The consideration taken by Government as to what action to take and the decision that was reached and announced to Parliament on 20 March 1996 is recorded.
This volume includes: a chronology of BSE starting from 1732 when scrapie was first recorded in sheep; a summary of the spread of BSE 1985-88; statistics; uses made of the cattle carcass; ministerial charts; DH and MAFF organisational charts; a glossary, a Who's Who and a detailed index of the report.
This volume explains the relevant legislative and executive framework which was in place when BSE was identified at the end of 1986, and the changes to this framework up to 20th March 1996 that were brought about by factors not connected to BSE. One example of this was the continuing integration with Europe, which required, amongst other things, a common standard of meat hygiene within the Single Market. This was the background against which policy makers had to consider what action to take to deal with the perceived hazards from BSE and what control measures could be introduced. The control measures taken are described in detail in volumes 3-7. The report shows how the legislation controlled processes and activities rather than complete industries or industrial sectors. At any given time, the legislation affecting a sector such as agriculture consisted of interwoven Acts, Orders and Regulations each designed to deal with specific matters. The interwoven powers affected different sectors to varying degrees with some, such as the legislative control over animal feeding stuffs, being extremely detailed. Legislation passed by Parliament did not necessarily apply throughout the UK. Legislation specific to Scotland and Northern is mentioned where appropriate and any differences are described.
The countries of Central America's Northern Triangle, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras, face challenges ranging from some of the world's highest homicide rates, rampant extortion, communities controlled by youth gangs, domestic violence, impunity for most crimes, as well as economic despair and lack of opportunity. Over the past year, the Woodrow Wilson Center's Latin American Program has undertaken an extensive review of the principal United States security assistance program for the region, the Central America Regional Security Initiative (CARSI). This review has focused on the major security challenges in the Northern Triangle countries of El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras and how CARSI seeks to address these. This publication includes country reports on each country including a review of the current in-country security context, as well as assessing CARSI's effectiveness for addressing these challenges. The report also includes a chapter providing an in-depth analysis of the geographic distribution of homicides and an examination of how such an analysis can help policy makers design more effective targeted strategies to lower violence. A final chapter outlining policy options for the future completes the report.
Progressive Skills in English 2: Course Book Do you need English in your studies? Then you need the Progressive Skills in English Course. The course builds the skills required for lectures, tutorials, reading research and written assignments in English. Now with fantastic, extensive online resources at www.skillsinenglish.com Listening skills include: understanding signpost language recognizing the organization of a lecture recognizing change of sub-topic predicting content from linking words note-taking: classification Speaking skills include: showing understanding showing lack of understanding talking about research taking part in a tutorial giving a talk with slides Reading skills include: finding information quickly predicting content distinguishing between fact and possibility Writing skills include: comparing events and ideas connecting ideas with and/but recording and displaying results using basic paragraph structure: point, explanation, example Go to www.skillsinenglish.com for fantastic, free student resources to practise, and improve on your skills. Resources include practice activities for: vocabulary, grammar, reading, listening and speaking. Did you know? Progressive Skills is also available in separate Listening & Speaking, Reading and Writing courses. Accompanying Progressive Skills in English 2 Workbook and Teacher's Book also available.
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