Presents the most effective catalytic reactions in use today, with a special focus on process intensification, sustainability, waste reduction, and innovative methods This book demonstrates the importance of efficient catalytic transformations for producing pharmaceutically active molecules. It presents the key catalytic reactions and the most efficient catalytic processes, including their significant advantages over compared previous methods. It also places a strong emphasis on asymmetric catalytic reactions, process intensification (PI), sustainability and waste mitigation, continuous manufacturing processes as enshrined by continuous flow catalysis, and supported catalysis. Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients in Synthesis: Catalytic Processes in Research and Development offers chapters covering: Catalysis and Prerequisites for the Modern Pharmaceutial Industry Landscape; Catalytic Process Design - The Industrial Perspective; Hydrogenation, Hydroformylation and Other Reductions; Oxidation; ; Catalytic Addition Reactions; Catalytic Cross-Coupling Reactions; Catalytic Metathesis Reactions; Catalytic Cycloaddition Reactions: Coming Full-Circle; Catalytic Cyclopropanation Reactions; Catalytic C-H insertion Reactions; Phase Transfer Catalysis; and Biocatalysis. -Provides the reader with an updated clear view of the current state of the challenging field of catalysis for API production -Focuses on the application of catalytic methods for the synthesis of known APIs -Presents every key reaction, including Diels-Alder, CH Insertions, Metal-catalytic coupling-reactions, and many more -Includes recent patent literature for completeness Covering a topic of great interest for synthetic chemists and R&D researchers in the pharmaceutical industry, Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients in Synthesis: Catalytic Processes in Research and Development is a must-read for every synthetic chemist working with APIs.
The application of biocatalysis in organic synthesis is rapidly gaining popularity amongst chemists. Compared to traditional synthetic methodologies biocatalysis offers a number of advantages in terms of enhanced selectivity (chemo-, regio-, stereo-), reduced environmental impact and lower cost of starting materials. Together these advantages can contribute to more sustainable manufacturing processes across a wide range of industries ranging from pharmaceuticals to biofuels. The biocatalytic toolbox has expanded significantly in the past five years and given the current rate of development of new engineered biocatalysts it is likely that the number of available biocatalysts will double in the next few years. This textbook gives a comprehensive overview of the current biocatalytic toolbox and also establishes new guidelines or rules for “biocatalytic retrosynthesis”. Retrosynthesis is a well known and commonly used technique whereby organic chemists start with the structure of their target molecule and generate potential starting materials and intermediates through a series of retrosynthetic disconnections. These disconnections are then used to devise a forward synthesis, in this case using biocatalytic transformations in some of the key steps. Target molecules are disconnected with consideration for applying biocatalysts, as well as chemical reagents and chemocatalysts, in the forward synthesis direction. Using this textbook, students will be able to place biocatalysis within the context of other synthetic transformations that they have learned earlier in their studies. This additional awareness of biocatalysis will equip students for the modern world of organic synthesis where biocatalysts play an increasingly important role. In addition to guidelines for identifying where biocatalysts can be applied in organic synthesis, this textbook also provides examples of current applications of biocatalysis using worked examples and case studies. Tutorials enable the reader to practice disconnecting target molecules to find the ‘hidden’ biocatalytic reactions which can be applied in the synthetic direction. The book contains a complete description of the current biocatalyst classes that are available for use and also suggests areas where new enzymes are likely to be developed in the next few years. This textbook is an essential resource for lecturers and students studying synthetic organic chemistry. It also serves as a handy reference for practicing chemists who wish to embed biocatalysis into their synthetic toolbox.
Presbyterian minister Nicholas A. Davis joined the Fourth Regiment of Texas Volunteers as chaplain in 1861. Soon after, the unit moved to Virginia, where they fought in the Seven Days Campaign, Second Manassas, Sharpsburg, and Fredericksburg. Rev. Davis wrote his memoir two years into battle, drawing upon keen observational skills and a diary he kept faithfully. He delves deeply into little known topics such as religion in the field, the duties of army chaplains, the appalling condition of wounded men, and war-time Richmond. First published in 1863 and expanded by historian Donald E. Everett in 1962, this present volume has won acclaim from both scholars and history buffs.
Drawing on popular surf culture, academic literature and the analytical tools of social theory, this is the first sustained commentary on the contemporary social and cultural meaning of surfing, exploring mind and body, emotions, and aesthetics.
Antennas, power lines, microwave ovens, color TVs, VDTs, radar, and the RF sealers used in many industries may or may not cause harmful physical effects. In this book, Nicholas Steneck takes an objective look at the multifaceted and still unresolved debate involving government, the public, and industry over the safety and use of microwaves and radio-frequency radiation. In the process he raises important issues of conflicting values, vested interests, and scientific uncertainty. Steneck traces the origins of the debate to the 1930s, when scientific research concentrated on the therapeutic, thermal aspects of radio-frequency radiation, and he also covers such recent aspects of the story as the irradiation of the U.S. Embassy in Moscow and the continuing controversies over the siting of satellite communication antennas. Nicholas H. Steneck is Professor of History and Director of the Collegiate Institute for Values and Science at the University of Michigan.
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