Atmospheric aerosols, or particulate matter (PM), are liquid or solid particles suspended in the air. Exposure to ambient PM is associated with multiple diseases and accounts for millions of premature deaths today. Although recognized as an important public health problem, PM’s toxicity and toxicological mechanisms are yet to be understood. Various methodologies and assays (i.e., procedures to determine the composition, quantity, or quality of a substance or a mixture) have been developed or employed to understand the components and characteristics of PM that best determine its toxicity. Efforts have also been spent to study the mechanisms of cellular signaling, stress, response, and physiological change, as well as complex multi-tissue effects upon PM exposure. These assays are diverse, spanning from in vitro acellular assays (i.e., chemical assays) to in vitro cellular and in vivo assays. Given that various methodologies and assays have been developed or employed, this digital primer aims to introduce the methodologies and fundamental principles used to study atmospheric aerosols’ toxicity and emerging new techniques. A comprehensive literature review of the scientific findings using these methodologies and assays is not the focus of this primer. The target audiences are senior undergraduates or beginning graduate students unfamiliar with aerosol science and toxicity measurements. An introductory overview of atmospheric aerosols and the motivations to study their toxicity before a detailed discussion of methodologies and assays in the toxicity research of atmospheric aerosols is provided. Beyond this, Toxicity of Atmospheric Aerosols: Methodologies & Assays serves as an assembly of the various methodologies and assays used in the toxicity research of atmospheric aerosols, saving readers time compared to searching from scattered resources.
Indoor air pollution is a growing concern as people spend more time indoors. Evaluating indoor air quality (IAQ) is complex because numerous processes affect IAQ. Indoor chemistry also has unique features compared to outdoor atmospheric chemistry. This digital primer is intended to provide an overview of indoor air pollutants and how indoor chemistry affects the concentrations of pollutants. It covers many topics, including the latest research on measurement techniques, modeling approaches, and strategies for controlling pollutants. Overall, this primer provides a valuable resource for scientists interested in understanding and controlling indoor air pollution and chemical reactions. The authors hope that the information presented in this primer will help improve IAQ and promote a healthier indoor environment.
Atmospheric aerosols, or particulate matter (PM), are liquid or solid particles suspended in the air. Exposure to ambient PM is associated with multiple diseases and accounts for millions of premature deaths today. Although recognized as an important public health problem, PM’s toxicity and toxicological mechanisms are yet to be understood. Various methodologies and assays (i.e., procedures to determine the composition, quantity, or quality of a substance or a mixture) have been developed or employed to understand the components and characteristics of PM that best determine its toxicity. Efforts have also been spent to study the mechanisms of cellular signaling, stress, response, and physiological change, as well as complex multi-tissue effects upon PM exposure. These assays are diverse, spanning from in vitro acellular assays (i.e., chemical assays) to in vitro cellular and in vivo assays. Given that various methodologies and assays have been developed or employed, this digital primer aims to introduce the methodologies and fundamental principles used to study atmospheric aerosols’ toxicity and emerging new techniques. A comprehensive literature review of the scientific findings using these methodologies and assays is not the focus of this primer. The target audiences are senior undergraduates or beginning graduate students unfamiliar with aerosol science and toxicity measurements. An introductory overview of atmospheric aerosols and the motivations to study their toxicity before a detailed discussion of methodologies and assays in the toxicity research of atmospheric aerosols is provided. Beyond this, Toxicity of Atmospheric Aerosols: Methodologies & Assays serves as an assembly of the various methodologies and assays used in the toxicity research of atmospheric aerosols, saving readers time compared to searching from scattered resources.
Indoor air pollution is a growing concern as people spend more time indoors. Evaluating indoor air quality (IAQ) is complex because numerous processes affect IAQ. Indoor chemistry also has unique features compared to outdoor atmospheric chemistry. This digital primer is intended to provide an overview of indoor air pollutants and how indoor chemistry affects the concentrations of pollutants. It covers many topics, including the latest research on measurement techniques, modeling approaches, and strategies for controlling pollutants. Overall, this primer provides a valuable resource for scientists interested in understanding and controlling indoor air pollution and chemical reactions. The authors hope that the information presented in this primer will help improve IAQ and promote a healthier indoor environment.
Family Law for the Hong Kong SAR gives a succinct, clear and comprehensive account of modern family law and will be useful to both students and practitioners. This book incorporates recent developments in family law such as the Marriage and Children (Miscellaneous Amendments) Ordinance 1997, Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions and Minor Amendments) Ordinance 1997 and the Child Abduction and Custody Ordinance 1997. Contents include: the old-style customary marriage, concubinage, modern marriage, and Christian marriage; nullity and divorce; legitimacy and illegitimacy; parentage; parental rights and authority; the welfare principle; custody on divorce; adoption; wardship; child abduction; maintenance during marriage; financial provision and property on divorce, and domestic violence. Contents include: the old-style customary marriage, concubinage, modern marriage, and Christian marriage; nullity and divorce; legitimacy and illegitimacy; parentage; parental rights and authority; the welfare principle; custody on divorce; adoption; wardship; child abduction; maintenance during marriage; financial provision and property on divorce, and domestic violence.
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