The social security system of Great Britain has reached a crossroads, following the election of a Labour Government promising a 'New Age' of welfare and seemingly prepared to 'think the unthinkable' on welfare reform, at a time when public expenditure on welfare benefits has reached nearlyL100 billion per annum. In 1985 the Conservative's Green Paper on social security reform announced that the benefits system had 'lost its way'. Attempts were made to curb benefits expenditure and reduce welfare dependency, for example through better 'targeting' of needs, the reinforcement ofpersonal and family responsibility, and tighter administrative controls. The ten years from 1988 to 1998 saw the introduction of many new benefit schemes including income support, family credit, the social fund, disability living allowance, incapacity benefit, and jobseeker's allowance as well asthe increasing influence of European Law. Yet the system 'achieves too little' according to the new Government's Green Paper on welfare reform, which promises ' a new contract between the citizen and the Government, based on responsibilities and rights'. The precise form these responsibilities andrights will take remains unknown, although we already have schemes like the New Deal and proposals for stakeholder pensions. Meanwhile, social security law continues to impact upon the lives of millions of citizens.After ten years of major legislative change, and with the prospect of a new direction, this is a time to take stock and to analyse the social and legal impact of the past decade's legislation, case law, and policy, as well as considering possible reforms. The book's approach is to organise this taskthematically, particularly with regard to the social context to social security, through discrete chapters on, for example, gender and the family, disability, housing, old age, and unemployment. It is also opportune to examine the theoretical framework of state welfare and social security,particularly in the context of social rights. The book aims to provide an authoritative, contextual and critical account of how British social security law has evolved, how it operates, its substance, and its social effects.
The first study to examine in detail the legal processes involved in challenging permanent exclusion. The findings reveal serious deficiencies in the appeal system, including a failure to deal fairly with excluded children.
Get guidance on evaluation, diagnosis, and management of a wide range of obstetric and gynecologic disorders from the most comprehensive and concise reference on the subject. The 5th Edition of this popular and practical resource features additional clinical photos and material on vaccination and disease prevention. The full-color design with illustrations and photographs complement the text. Access the full text online, along with an additional image gallery, case studies, and online note-taking via Student Consult for a better learning experience. Features a full-color design and images for a visually accessible guide that easily correlates to actual clinical experience. Delivers must-know information efficiently and effectively through a concise, clear writing style. Features a chapter on vaccination and disease prevention and origin for increased clinical focus and utility. Incorporates more clinical photographs for a clearer visual presentation of clinical applications. Reflects changes in the APGO/CREOG objectives through updated content.
From office jobs and long commutes to passive entertainment like television and video games, humans are sitting more than ever. Though lack of exercise has major health consequences, researchers are now examining the additional and widespread health risk of the simple act of sitting for extended periods. With research from leading scientists, Sedentary Behavior and Health: Concepts, Assessments, and Interventions presents evidence on sedentary behavior, its apparent health risks, and suggestions on measuring and altering this behavior. The highly respected international author team provides an interdisciplinary review of current research, examining scientific, public health, and broader social questions about the implications of sedentary behavior. These topics include humans’ physiological predispositions, exacerbation of current health conditions like obesity and diabetes, and the design and ergonomics of offices and chairs. To examine the many facets of this developing area of study, Sedentary Behavior and Health is divided into five parts: • “Sedentary Behavior Concepts and Context” reviews the physiology of sedentary behavior, investigating current habits from the perspectives of evolution, industrial engineering, and design. • “Sedentary Behavior and Health” explores the relationship between sedentary behavior and several major chronic diseases, including obesity, cardiovascular disease, and low-back pain. • “Measuring and Analyzing Sedentary Behavior” explains research methods for understanding and measuring sedentary behavior in order to recognize patterns and design interventions. • “Sedentary Behavior and Subpopulations” covers issues, risks, and behaviors in groups such as children, working adults, older adults, and minorities. • “Changing Sedentary Behavior” provides methods and recommendations for improvement with environmental, social, community, worksite, and technology-based interventions. Included in this groundbreaking text are learning objectives, key concepts, and study questions to focus attention on key issues and reinforce concepts. Reviews of the literature in the field are presented, many with comparisons in table form, to provide the full scope of research. Sidebars throughout the text apply theoretical concepts to real-world scenarios. Inactivity is mismatched with many aspects of humans’ genetic makeup. While it is becoming the new norm, the consequences of this behavior are emerging as a public health threat. Sedentary Behavior and Health will serve as a key reference for the rapidly emerging research area of sedentary behavior.
With contributions by recognised experts in the field of education law, this book is a comparative study of the resolution of special education disputes, including via mediation. It analyses the varying approaches in England, Scotland, the US and the Netherlands and addresses major questions of dispute resolution, redress, judicial and non-judicial approaches and the protection of citizens' rights. The first review of mediation in citizen v. state disputes outside the context of the courts, this topical book also incorporates findings from a recent ESRC study into dispute resolution in special educational needs cases. It will not only be of interest to those concerned with education issues but also those interested in administrative justice, especially the role of mediation generally
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