National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Indoor Pollutants's Books

The Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program

Assessing 10 Years of Experience

By: National Research Council (U.S.). Committee for the Evaluation of the Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program

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The Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program

Assessing 10 Years of Experience

By: National Research Council (U.S.). Committee for the Evaluation of the Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program

The Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement (CMAQ) program was enacted as part of the surface transportation legislation. This work recommends that Congress retain the sole federal surface transportation program that funds projects to reduce pollution and traffic congestion in areas that must comply with national air quality standards.

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Page Count

520

Publisher

Transportation Research Board

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309077001

ISBN 13

9780309077002

New Source Review for Stationary Sources of Air Pollution

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Changes in New Source Review Programs for Stationary Sources of Air Pollutants

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New Source Review for Stationary Sources of Air Pollution

The Clean Air Act established a pair of programsâ€"known as New Source Review (NSR)â€"that regulate large stationary sources of air pollution, such as factories and electricity-generating facilities. Congress then asked the National Research Council to estimate the effects of NSR rule changes made in 2002 and 2003 in terms of the effects on emissions and human health, and changes in operating efficiency (including energy efficiency), pollution prevention, and pollution-control activities. New Source Review for Stationary Sources of Air Pollution provides insights into the potential effects of the rule changes on national emissions from the electric power industry. Although this book focuses on the 2002 and 2003 rules, its analytic framework applies to other possible changes in NSR and to other regulatory contexts. Helpful, in that it outlines the data-collection efforts needed to assess the impact of the NSR rules, the book recommends EPA and other government agencies undertake and sustain the recommended methods.

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Page Count

335

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309102774

ISBN 13

9780309102773

Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter

II. Evaluating Research Progress and Updating the Portfolio

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter

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Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter

II. Evaluating Research Progress and Updating the Portfolio

In the effort to reduce the scientific and technical uncertainties over regulation of airborne particulate matter in the United States, Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter: II. Evaluating Research Progress and Updating the Portfolio, the second book in a four-part series requested by Congress, describes the plans of the committee to monitor the progress of the research on particulate matter conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), other federal and state government agencies, and nongovernmental organizations. The book also reviews and updates the committee's portfolio of recommended research in its first volume, Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter: I. Immediate Priorities and a Long-Range Research Portfolio (NRC, 1998). The committee substantially revised two of the ten high-priority research areas recommended in Part I. Part II notes that Congress, EPA, and the scientific community have given strong support to the committee's recommendations and have implemented substantial changes in research efforts in response to Part I of the series. One important research area-studies of the effects of long-term exposure to particulate matter and other major air pollutants-however, does not appear to be underway or planned.

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127

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309172721

ISBN 13

9780309172721

Strengthening Science at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Research-Management and Peer-Review Practices

By: National Research Council,Commission on Life Sciences,Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources,Board on Environmental Studies in Toxicology,Committee on Research and Peer Review in EPA

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Strengthening Science at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Research-Management and Peer-Review Practices

In the three decades since the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created, the agency's scientific and technical practices and credibility have been independently assessed many times in reports from the National Research Council (NRC), EPA Science Advisory Board, General Accounting Office, and many other organizations; in congressional oversight and judicial proceedings; and in countless criticisms and lawsuits from stakeholders with interests in particular EPA regulatory decisions. As a previous independent panel put it in the 1992 report Safeguarding the Future: Credible Science, Credible Decisions, EPA's policy and regulatory work receives a great deal of public attention, but the agency's scientific performance typically receives a similar degree of attention only when the scientific basis for a decision is questioned. Thus, strong scientific performance is important not only to enable EPA to make informed and effective decisions, but also to gain credibility and public support for the environmental protection efforts of EPA and the nation. This report is the fourth and final one in a series prepared by two independent expert committees convened by the NRC in response to a request from Congress and to subsequent, related requests from EPA. The Committee on Research Opportunities and Priorities for EPA-the companion committee in this study-was charged to provide an overview of significant emerging environmental issues, identify and prioritize research themes most relevant to understanding and resolving those issues, and consider the role of EPA's research program in the context of research being conducted or supported by other organizations. That committee published an interim report in 1996 and a final report, Building a Foundation for Sound Environmental Decisions, in 1997. The Committee on Research and Peer Review in EPA was charged to evaluate research management and scientific peer-review practices in the agency. The committee published an interim report in 1995 and this final report.

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Page Count

178

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309171768

ISBN 13

9780309171762

Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter

I. Immediate Priorities and a Long-Range Research Portfolio

By: Committee on Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Commission on Life Sciences,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

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Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter

I. Immediate Priorities and a Long-Range Research Portfolio

New National Ambient Air Quality Standards for airborne particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers, called PM2.5, were issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) amidst scientific uncertainty and controversy. In response to a request from Congress, Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter, the first of four books in a series, offers a conceptual framework for an integrated national program of particulate-matter research, identifies the 10 most critical research needs linked to key policy-related scientific uncertainties, and describes the recommended timing and estimated costs of such research. The committee concludes that EPA should devote more resources to investigating the relationships between fixed-site outdoor monitoring data and actual human breathing-zone exposures to ambient particulate matter and to identifying the most biologically important constituents and characteristics of particulate matter through toxicological studies. The recommended research activities are critical to determining actual exposures of human subpopulations most susceptible to harm from the most hazardous constituents of particulate matter. Future research will be an investment in public health and a means to ensure that resources spent on control technology and regulatory compliance will have a reasonable probability of success.

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Page Count

212

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309591929

ISBN 13

9780309591928

Environmental Tobacco Smoke

Measuring Exposures and Assessing Health Effects

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Passive Smoking

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Environmental Tobacco Smoke

Measuring Exposures and Assessing Health Effects

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Passive Smoking

This comprehensive book examines the recent research investigating the characteristics and composition of different types of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and discusses possible health effects of ETS. The volume presents an overview of methods used to determine exposures to environmental smoke and reviews both chronic and acute health effects. Many recommendations are made for areas of further research, including the differences between smokers and nonsmokers in absorbing, metabolizing, and excreting the components of ETS, and the possible effects of ETS exposure during childhood and fetal life.

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Page Count

351

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309074568

ISBN 13

9780309074568

Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants

Advances and Opportunities

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Advances in Assessing Human Exposure to Airborne Pollutants

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Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants

Advances and Opportunities

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Advances in Assessing Human Exposure to Airborne Pollutants

Most people in the United States spend far more time indoors than outdoors. Yet, many air pollution regulations and risk assessments focus on outdoor air. These often overlook contact with harmful contaminants that may be at their most dangerous concentrations indoors. A new book from the National Research Council explores the need for strategies to address indoor and outdoor exposures and examines the methods and tools available for finding out where and when significant exposures occur. The volume includes: A conceptual framework and common terminology that investigators from different disciplines can use to make more accurate assessments of human exposure to airborne contaminants. An update of important developments in assessing exposure to airborne contaminants: ambient air sampling and physical chemical measurements, biological markers, questionnaires, time-activity diaries, and modeling. A series of examples of how exposure assessments have been applied-properly and improperly-to public health issues and how the committee's suggested framework can be brought into practice. This volume will provide important insights to improve risk assessment, risk management, pollution control, and regulatory programs.

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Page Count

338

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309042844

ISBN 13

9780309042840

Strategies to Protect the Health of Deployed U.S. Forces

Detecting, Characterizing, and Documenting Exposures

By: National Research Council,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems,Division of Military Science and Technology,Strategies to Protect the Health of Deployed U.S. Forces: Technology and Methods for Detection and Tracking of Exposures to a Subset of Harmful Agents

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Strategies to Protect the Health of Deployed U.S. Forces

Detecting, Characterizing, and Documenting Exposures

Since Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm, Gulf War veterans have expressed concerns about health effects that could be associated with their deployment and service during the war. Although similar concerns were raised after other military operations, the Gulf War deployment focused national attention on the potential, but uncertain, relationship between the presence of chemical and biological (CB) agents and other harmful agents in theater and health symptoms reported by military personnel. Strategies to Protect the Health of Deployed U.S. Forces which is one of the four two-year studies, examines the detection and tracking of exposures of deployed personnel to multiple harmful agents.

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273

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309068754

ISBN 13

9780309068758

Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Risk Assessment of Hazardous Air Pollutants

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Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Risk Assessment of Hazardous Air Pollutants

The public depends on competent risk assessment from the federal government and the scientific community to grapple with the threat of pollution. When risk reports turn out to be overblownâ€"or when risks are overlookedâ€"public skepticism abounds. This comprehensive and readable book explores how the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) can improve its risk assessment practices, with a focus on implementation of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. With a wealth of detailed information, pertinent examples, and revealing analysis, the volume explores the "default option" and other basic concepts. It offers two views of EPA operations: The first examines how EPA currently assesses exposure to hazardous air pollutants, evaluates the toxicity of a substance, and characterizes the risk to the public. The second, more holistic, view explores how EPA can improve in several critical areas of risk assessment by focusing on cross-cutting themes and incorporating more scientific judgment. This comprehensive volume will be important to the EPA and other agencies, risk managers, environmental advocates, scientists, faculty, students, and concerned individuals.

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Page Count

668

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030904894X

ISBN 13

9780309048941

Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee on Tropospheric Ozone

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Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee on Tropospheric Ozone

Despite more than 20 years of regulatory efforts, concern is widespread that ozone pollution in the lower atmosphere, or troposphere, threatens the health of humans, animals, and vegetation. This book discusses how scientific information can be used to develop more effective regulations to control ozone. Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution discusses: The latest data and analysis on how tropospheric ozone is formed. How well our measurement techniques are functioning. Deficiencies in efforts to date to control the problem. Approaches to reducing ozone precursor emissions that hold the most promise. What additional research is needed. With a wealth of technical information, the book discusses atmospheric chemistry, the role of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ozone formation, monitoring and modeling the formation and transport processes, and the potential contribution of alternative fuels to solving the tropospheric ozone problem. The committee discusses criteria for designing more effective ozone control efforts. Because of its direct bearing on decisions to be made under the Clean Air Act, this book should be of great interest to environmental advocates, industry, and the regulatory community as well as scientists, faculty, and students.

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525

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309046319

ISBN 13

9780309046312

The Airliner Cabin Environment

Air Quality and Safety

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Airliner Cabin Air Quality

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The Airliner Cabin Environment

Air Quality and Safety

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Airliner Cabin Air Quality

Each year Americans take more than 300 million plane trips staffed by a total of some 70,000 flight attendants. The health and safety of these individuals are the focus of this volume from the Committee on Airliner Cabin Air Quality. The book examines such topics as cabin air quality, the health effects of reduced pressure and cosmic radiation, emergency procedures, regulations established by U.S. and foreign agencies, records on airline maintenance and operation procedures, and medical statistics on air travel. Numerous recommendations are presented, including a ban on smoking on all domestic commercial flights to lessen discomfort to passengers and crew, to eliminate the possibility of fire caused by cigarettes, and to bring the cabin air quality into line with established standards for other closed environments.

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Page Count

320

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309036909

ISBN 13

9780309036900

Green Schools

Attributes for Health and Learning

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment,Committee to Review and Assess the Health and Productivity Benefits of Green Schools

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Green Schools

Attributes for Health and Learning

Evidence has accumulated that shows that the quality of indoor environments can affect the health and productivity of adults and children. One consequence is that a movement has emerged to promote the design of schools that have fewer adverse environmental effects. To examine the potential of such design for improving education, several private organizations asked the NRC to review and assess the health and productivity benefits of green schools. This report provides an analysis of the complexity of making such a determination; and an assessment of the potential human health and performance benefits of improvements in the building envelope, indoor air quality, lighting, and acoustical quality. The report also presents an assessment of the overall building condition and student achievement, and offers an analysis of and recommendations for planning and maintaining green schools including research considerations.

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Page Count

192

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309102863

ISBN 13

9780309102865

Human Biomonitoring for Environmental Chemicals

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Human Biomonitoring for Environmental Toxicants

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Human Biomonitoring for Environmental Chemicals

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Human Biomonitoring for Environmental Toxicants

Biomonitoring—a method for measuring amounts of toxic chemicals in human tissues—is a valuable tool for studying potentially harmful environmental chemicals. Biomonitoring data have been used to confirm exposures to chemicals and validate public health policies. For example, population biomonitoring data showing high blood lead concentrations resulted in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) regulatory reduction of lead in gasoline; biomonitoring data confirmed a resultant drop in blood lead concentrations. Despite recent advances, the science needed to understand the implications of the biomonitoring data for human health is still in its nascent stages. Use of the data also raises communication and ethical challenges. In response to a congressional request, EPA asked the National Research Council to address those challenges in an independent study. Human Biomonitoring for Environmental Chemicals provides a framework for improving the use of biomonitoring data including developing and using biomarkers (measures of exposure), research to improve the interpretation of data, ways to communicate findings to the public, and a review of ethical issues.

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Page Count

317

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309102723

ISBN 13

9780309102728

The Airliner Cabin Environment and the Health of Passengers and Crew

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Air Quality in Passenger Cabins of Commercial Aircraft

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The Airliner Cabin Environment and the Health of Passengers and Crew

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Air Quality in Passenger Cabins of Commercial Aircraft

Although poor air quality is probably not the hazard that is foremost in peoples' minds as they board planes, it has been a concern for years. Passengers have complained about dry eyes, sore throat, dizziness, headaches, and other symptoms. Flight attendants have repeatedly raised questions about the safety of the air that they breathe. The Airliner Cabin Environment and the Health of Passengers and Crew examines in detail the aircraft environmental control systems, the sources of chemical and biological contaminants in aircraft cabins, and the toxicity and health effects associated with these contaminants. The book provides some recommendations for potential approaches for improving cabin air quality and a surveillance and research program.

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Page Count

345

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309082897

ISBN 13

9780309082891

Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Biologic Markers,Subcommittee on Immunotoxicology

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Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology

Are environmental pollutants threatening the human immune system? Researchers are rapidly approaching definitive answers to this question, with the aid of biologic markersâ€"sophisticated assessment tools that could revolutionize detection and prevention of certain diseases. This volume, third in a series on biologic markers, focuses on the human immune system and its response to environmental toxicants. The authoring committee provides direction for continuing development of biologic markers, with strategies for applying markers to immunotoxicology in humans and recommended outlines for clinical and field studies. This comprehensive, up-to-date volume will be invaluable to specialists in toxicology and immunology and to biologists and investigators involved in the development of biologic markers.

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Page Count

225

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309043891

ISBN 13

9780309043892

Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1

Public Health and Hazardous Wastes

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Environmental Epidemiology

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Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1

Public Health and Hazardous Wastes

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Environmental Epidemiology

The amount of hazardous waste in the United States has been estimated at 275 million metric tons in licensed sites alone. Is the health of Americans at risk from exposure to this toxic material? This volume, the first of several on environmental epidemiology, reviews the available evidence and makes recommendations for filling gaps in data and improving health assessments. The book explores: Whether researchers can infer health hazards from available data. The results of substantial state and federal programs on hazardous waste dangers. The book presents the results of studies of hazardous wastes in the air, water, soil, and food and examines the potential of biological markers in health risk assessment. The data and recommendations in this volume will be of immediate use to toxicologists, environmental health professionals, epidemiologists, and other biologists.

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Page Count

297

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309044960

ISBN 13

9780309044967

Complex Mixtures

Methods for In Vivo Toxicity Testing

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Methods for the In Vivo Toxicity Testing of Complex Mixtures

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Complex Mixtures

Methods for In Vivo Toxicity Testing

In the laboratory, testing the toxic effects for a single compound is a straightforward process. However, many common harmful substances occur naturally as mixtures and can interact to exhibit greater toxic effects as a mixture than the individual components exhibit separately. Complex Mixtures addresses the problem of identifying and classifying complex mixtures, investigating the effect of exposure, and the research problems inherent in testing their toxicity to human beings. A complete series of case studies is presented, including one that examines the cofactors of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoke.

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Page Count

240

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309037786

ISBN 13

9780309037785

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