National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Lead Emissions from Piston-Powered General Aviation Aircraft's Books

Options for Reducing Lead Emissions from Piston-engine Aircraft

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Lead Emissions from Piston-Powered General Aviation Aircraft

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Options for Reducing Lead Emissions from Piston-engine Aircraft

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Lead Emissions from Piston-Powered General Aviation Aircraft

Small gasoline-powered aircraft are the single largest emitter of lead in the United States, as other major emission sources such as automobile gasoline have been previously addressed. A highly toxic substance that can result in an array of negative health effects in humans, lead is added to aviation gasoline to meet the performance and safety requirements of a sizable portion of the country’s gasoline-powered aircraft. Significantly reducing lead emissions from gasoline-powered aircraft will require the leadership and strategic guidance of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and a broad-based and sustained commitment by other government agencies and the nation’s pilots, airport managers, aviation fuel and service suppliers, and aircraft manufacturers, according to a congressionally mandated report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. While efforts are underway to develop an unleaded aviation fuel that can be used by the entire gasoline-powered fleet, the uncertainty of success means that other steps should also be taken to begin reducing lead emissions and exposures, notes the report, titled TRB Special Report 336: Options for Reducing Lead Emissions from Piston-Engine Aircraft. Piston-engine aircraft are critical to performing general aviation (GA) functions like aerial observation, medical airlift, pilot training, and business transport. Other GA functions, such as crop dusting, aerial firefighting, search and rescue, and air taxi service, have particular significance to communities in rural and remote locations.

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161

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ISBN 10

0309256801

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9780309256803

Commercial Aircraft Propulsion and Energy Systems Research

Reducing Global Carbon Emissions

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board,Committee on Propulsion and Energy Systems to Reduce Commercial Aviation Carbon Emissions

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Commercial Aircraft Propulsion and Energy Systems Research

Reducing Global Carbon Emissions

The primary human activities that release carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere are the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and oil) to generate electricity, the provision of energy for transportation, and as a consequence of some industrial processes. Although aviation CO2 emissions only make up approximately 2.0 to 2.5 percent of total global annual CO2 emissions, research to reduce CO2 emissions is urgent because (1) such reductions may be legislated even as commercial air travel grows, (2) because it takes new technology a long time to propagate into and through the aviation fleet, and (3) because of the ongoing impact of global CO2 emissions. Commercial Aircraft Propulsion and Energy Systems Research develops a national research agenda for reducing CO2 emissions from commercial aviation. This report focuses on propulsion and energy technologies for reducing carbon emissions from large, commercial aircraftâ€" single-aisle and twin-aisle aircraft that carry 100 or more passengersâ€"because such aircraft account for more than 90 percent of global emissions from commercial aircraft. Moreover, while smaller aircraft also emit CO2, they make only a minor contribution to global emissions, and many technologies that reduce CO2 emissions for large aircraft also apply to smaller aircraft. As commercial aviation continues to grow in terms of revenue-passenger miles and cargo ton miles, CO2 emissions are expected to increase. To reduce the contribution of aviation to climate change, it is essential to improve the effectiveness of ongoing efforts to reduce emissions and initiate research into new approaches.

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123

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309440963

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9780309440967

For Greener Skies

Reducing Environmental Impacts of Aviation

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board,Committee on Aeronautics Research and Technology for Environmental Compatibility

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For Greener Skies

Reducing Environmental Impacts of Aviation

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board,Committee on Aeronautics Research and Technology for Environmental Compatibility

Each new generation of commercial aircraft produces less noise and fewer emissions per passenger-kilometer (or ton-kilometer of cargo) than the previous generation. However, the demand for air transportation services grows so quickly that total aircraft noise and emissions continue to increase. Meanwhile, federal, state, and local noise and air quality standards in the United States and overseas have become more stringent. It is becoming more difficult to reconcile public demand for inexpensive, easily accessible air transportation services with concurrent desires to reduce noise, improve local air quality, and protect the global environment against climate change and depletion of stratospheric ozone. This situation calls for federal leadership and strong action from industry and government. U.S. government, industry, and universities conduct research and develop technology that could help reduce aircraft noise and emissions-but only if the results are used to improve operational systems or standards. For example, the (now terminated) Advanced Subsonic Technology Program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) generally brought new technology only to the point where a system, subsystem model, or prototype was demonstrated or could be validated in a relevant environment. Completing the maturation process-by fielding affordable, proven, commercially available systems for installation on new or modified aircraft-was left to industry and generally took place only if industry had an economic or regulatory incentive to make the necessary investment. In response to this situation, the Federal Aviation Administration, NASA, and the Environmental Protection Agency, asked the Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board of the National Research Council to recommend research strategies and approaches that would further efforts to mitigate the environmental effects (i.e., noise and emissions) of aviation. The statement of task required the Committee on Aeronautics Research and Technology for Environmental Compatibility to assess whether existing research policies and programs are likely to foster the technological improvements needed to ensure that environmental constraints do not become a significant barrier to growth of the aviation sector.

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0309083370

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9780309083379

For Greener Skies

Reducing Environmental Impacts of Aviation

By: Committee on Aeronautics Research and Technology for Environmental Compatibility,Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Research Council

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For Greener Skies

Reducing Environmental Impacts of Aviation

By: Committee on Aeronautics Research and Technology for Environmental Compatibility,Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Research Council

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ISBN 10

0309086507

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9780309086509

Aviation Fuels with Improved Fire Safety

A Proceedings

By: Committee on Aviation Fuels with Improved Fire Safety,Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems,National Materials Advisory Board,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Research Council

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Aviation Fuels with Improved Fire Safety

A Proceedings

The reduction of the fire hazard of fuel is critical to improving survivability in impact-survivable aircraft accidents. Despite current fire prevention and mitigation approaches, fuel flammability can overwhelm post-crash fire scenarios. The Workshop on Aviation Fuels with Improved Fire Safety was held November 19-20, 1996 to review the current state of development, technological needs, and promising technology for the future development of aviation fuels that are most resistant to ignition during a crash. This book contains a summary of workshop discussions and 11 presented papers in the areas of fuel and additive technologies, aircraft fuel system requirements, and the characterization of fuel fires.

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158

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309553423

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9780309553421

Atmospheric Effects of Aviation

A Review of NASA's Subsonic Assessment Project

By: Panel on Atmospheric Effects of Aviation,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

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Atmospheric Effects of Aviation

A Review of NASA's Subsonic Assessment Project

By: Panel on Atmospheric Effects of Aviation,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

Aviation is an integral part of the global transportation network, and the number of flights worldwide is expected to grow rapidly in the coming decades. Yet, the effects that subsonic aircraft emissions may be having upon atmospheric composition and climate are not fully understood. To study such issues, NASA sponsors the Atmospheric Effects of Aviation Program (AEAP). The NRC Panel on Atmospheric Effects of Aviation is charged to evaluate AEAP, and in this report, the panel is focusing on the subsonic assessment (SASS) component of the program. This evaluation of SASS/AEAP was based on the report Atmospheric Effects of Subsonic Aircraft: Interim Assessment Report of the Advanced Sub-sonic Technology Program, on a strategic plan developed by SASS managers, and on other relevant documents.

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ISBN 10

0309517893

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9780309517898

Review of the Department of Defense Biokinetic Modeling Approach in Support of Establishing an Airborne Lead Exposure Limit

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee to Review DoDâ¬"s Proposed Occupational Exposure Limits for Lead

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Review of the Department of Defense Biokinetic Modeling Approach in Support of Establishing an Airborne Lead Exposure Limit

Biokinetic modeling provides a mathematical technique for estimating absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of chemicals, including particles and metals, in humans. Such models can be used to relate the amount of lead external exposure to the amount of lead found in the blood and other tissues at different points in time. At the request of the Department of Defense (DoD), Review of the Department of Defense Biokinetic Modeling Approach in Support of Establishing an Airborne Lead Exposure Limit evaluates whether the model used by DoD to derive airborne lead concentrations from blood lead levels is appropriate. This report also considers whether DoD's modifications to the model are appropriately justified, and whether the assumptions in and inputs to the model are reasonable.

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ISBN 10

0309671922

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9780309671927

Investigative Strategies for Lead-Source Attribution at Superfund Sites Associated with Mining Activities

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Sources of Lead Contamination at or near Superfund Sites

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Investigative Strategies for Lead-Source Attribution at Superfund Sites Associated with Mining Activities

The Superfund program of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created in the 1980s to address human-health and environmental risks posed by abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous-waste sites. Identification of Superfund sites and their remediation is an expensive multistep process. As part of this process, EPA attempts to identify parties that are responsible for the contamination and thus financially responsible for remediation. Identification of potentially responsible parties is complicated because Superfund sites can have a long history of use and involve contaminants that can have many sources. Such is often the case for mining sites that involve metal contamination; metals occur naturally in the environment, they can be contaminants in the wastes generated at or released from the sites, and they can be used in consumer products, which can degrade and release the metals back to the environment. This report examines the extent to which various sources contribute to environmental lead contamination at Superfund sites that are near lead-mining areas and focuses on sources that contribute to lead contamination at sites near the Southeast Missouri Lead Mining District. It recommends potential improvements in approaches used for assessing sources of lead contamination at or near Superfund sites.

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113

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309465591

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9780309465595

Modeling Mobile-Source Emissions

By: National Research Council,Transportation Research Board,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee to Review EPA's Mobile Source Emissions Factor (MOBILE) Model

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Modeling Mobile-Source Emissions

The Mobile Source Emissions Factor (MOBILE) model is a computer model developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for estimating emissions from on-road motor vehicles. MOBILE is used in air-quality planning and regulation for estimating emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and for predicting the effects of emissions-reduction programs. Because of its important role in air-quality management, the accuracy of MOBILE is critical. Possible consequences of inaccurately characterizing motor-vehicle emissions include the implementation of insufficient controls that endanger the environment and public health or the implementation of ineffective policies that impose excessive control costs. Billions of dollars per year in transportation funding are linked to air-quality attainment plans, which rely on estimates of mobile-source emissions. Transportation infrastructure decisions are also affected by emissions estimates from MOBILE. In response to a request from Congress, the National Research Council established the Committee to Review EPA's Mobile Source Emissions Factor (MOBILE) Model in October 1998. The committee was charged to evaluate MOBILE and to develop recommendations for improving the model.

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257

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ISBN 10

0309070880

ISBN 13

9780309070881

The Airliner Cabin Environment

Air Quality and Safety

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Airliner Cabin Air Quality

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The Airliner Cabin Environment

Air Quality and Safety

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Airliner Cabin Air Quality

Each year Americans take more than 300 million plane trips staffed by a total of some 70,000 flight attendants. The health and safety of these individuals are the focus of this volume from the Committee on Airliner Cabin Air Quality. The book examines such topics as cabin air quality, the health effects of reduced pressure and cosmic radiation, emergency procedures, regulations established by U.S. and foreign agencies, records on airline maintenance and operation procedures, and medical statistics on air travel. Numerous recommendations are presented, including a ban on smoking on all domestic commercial flights to lessen discomfort to passengers and crew, to eliminate the possibility of fire caused by cigarettes, and to bring the cabin air quality into line with established standards for other closed environments.

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320

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309036909

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9780309036900

A Review of NASA's 'Atmospheric Effects of Stratospheric Aircraft' Project

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Panel on Atmospheric Effects of Aviation

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A Review of NASA's 'Atmospheric Effects of Stratospheric Aircraft' Project

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Panel on Atmospheric Effects of Aviation

The NRC Panel on the Atmospheric Effects of Aviation (PAEAN) was established to provide guidance to NASA's Atmospheric Effects of Aviation Program (AEAP) by evaluating the appropriateness of the program's research plan, appraising the project-sponsored results relative to the current state of scientific knowledge, identifying key scientific uncertainties, and suggesting research activities likely to reduce those uncertainties. Over the last few years, the panel has written periodic reviews of both the subsonic aviation (Subsonic Assessment-SASS) and the supersonic aviation (Atmospheric Effects of Stratospheric Aircraft-AESA) components of AEAP, including: An Interim Review of the Subsonic Assessment Project (1997); An Interim Assessment of AEAP's Emissions Characterization and Near-Field Interactions Elements (1997); An Interim Review of the AESA Project: Science and Progress (1998); Atmospheric Effects of Aviation: A Review of NASA's Subsonic Assessment Project (1998). This report constitutes the final review of AESA and will be the last report written by this panel. The primary audience for these reports is the program managers and scientists affiliated with AEAP, although in some cases the topics discussed are of interest to a wider audience.

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ISBN 10

030917290X

ISBN 13

9780309172905

Toxicologic Assessment of Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8

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Toxicologic Assessment of Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8

This report provides a critical review of toxicologic, epidemiologic, and other relevant data on jet-propulsion fuel 8, a type of fuel in wide use by the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), and an evaluation of the scientific basis of DOD's interim permissible exposure level of 350 mg/m3

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229

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309168708

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9780309168700

Potential Health Risks to DOD Firing-Range Personnel from Recurrent Lead Exposure

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Committee on Potential Health Risks from Recurrent Lead Exposure of DOD Firing Range Personnel

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Potential Health Risks to DOD Firing-Range Personnel from Recurrent Lead Exposure

Lead is a ubiquitous metal in the environment, and its adverse effects on human health are well documented. Lead interacts at multiple cellular sites and can alter protein function in part through binding to amino acid sulfhydryl and carboxyl groups on a wide variety of structural and functional proteins. In addition, lead mimics calcium and other divalent cations, and it induces the increased production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species. Adverse effects associated with lead exposure can be observed in multiple body systems, including the nervous, cardiovascular, renal, hematologic, immunologic, and reproductive systems. Lead exposure is also known to induce adverse developmental effects in utero and in the developing neonate. Lead poses an occupational health hazard, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) developed a lead standard for general industry that regulates many workplace exposures to this metal. The standard was promulgated in 1978 and encompasses several approaches for reducing exposure to lead, including the establishment of a permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 50 μg/m3 in air (an 8-hour time-weighted average [TWA]), exposure guidelines for instituting medical surveillance, guidelines for removal from and return to work, and other risk-management strategies. An action level of 30 μg/m3 (an 8-hour TWA) for lead was established to trigger medical surveillance in employees exposed above that level for more than 30 days per year. Another provision is that any employee who has a blood lead level (BLL) of 60 μg/dL or higher or three consecutive BLLs averaging 50 μg/dL or higher must be removed from work involving lead exposure. An employee may resume work associated with lead exposure only after two BLLs are lower than 40 μg/dL. Thus, maintaining BLLs lower than 40 μg/dL was judged by OSHA to protect workers from adverse health effects. The OSHA standard also includes a recommendation that BLLs of workers who are planning a pregnancy be under 30μg/dL. In light of knowledge about the hazards posed by occupational lead exposure, the Department of Defense (DOD) asked the National Research Council to evaluate potential health risks from recurrent lead exposure of firing-range personnel. Specifically, DOD asked the National Research Council to determine whether current exposure standards for lead on DOD firing ranges protect its workers adequately.The committee also considered measures of cumulative lead dose. Potential Health Risks to DOD Firing-Range Personnel from Recurrent Lead Exposure will help to inform decisions about setting new air exposure limits for lead on firing ranges, about whether to implement limits for surface contamination, and about how to design lead-surveillance programs for range personnel appropriately.

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199

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ISBN 10

0309267366

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9780309267366

Modeling Mobile-Source Emissions

By: National Research Council,National Research Council Staff,Transportation Research Board,Commission on Geosciences Environment and Resources,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee to Review EPA's Mobile Source Emissions Factor (Mobile) Model

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Modeling Mobile-Source Emissions

The Mobile Source Emissions Factor (MOBILE) model is a computer model developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for estimating emissions from on-road motor vehicles. MOBILE is used in air-quality planning and regulation for estimating emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and for predicting the effects of emissions-reduction programs.1 Because of its important role in air-quality management, the accuracy of MOBILE is critical. Possible consequences of inaccurately characterizing motor-vehicle emissions include the implementation of insufficient controls that endanger the environment and public health or the implementation of ineffective policies that impose excessive control costs. Billions of dollars per year in transportation funding are linked to air-quality attainment plans, which rely on estimates of mobile-source emissions. Transportation infrastructure decisions are also affected by emissions estimates from MOBILE. In response to a request from Congress, the National Research Council established the Committee to Review EPA's Mobile Source Emissions Factor (MOBILE) Model in October 1998. The committee was charged to evaluate MOBILE and to develop recommendations for improving the model.

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226

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309083834

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9780309083836

Evaluating Vehicle Emissions Inspection and Maintenance Programs

By: National Research Council,Transportation Research Board,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Vehicle Emission Inspection and Maintenance Programs

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Evaluating Vehicle Emissions Inspection and Maintenance Programs

Emissions inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs subject vehicles to periodic inspections of their emission control systems. Despite widespread use of these programs in air-quality management, policy makers and the public have found a number of problems associated with them. Prominent among these issues is the perception that emissions benefits and other impacts of I/M programs have not been evaluated adequately. Evaluating Vehicle Emissions Inspection and Maintenance Programs assesses the effectiveness of these programs for reducing mobile source emissions. In this report, the committee evaluates the differences in the characteristics of motor vehicle emissions in areas with and without I/M programs, identifies criteria and methodologies for their evaluation, and recommends improvements to the programs. Most useful of all, this book will help summarize the observed benefits of these programs and how they can be redirected in the future to increase their effectiveness.

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260

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030917077X

ISBN 13

9780309170772

New Source Review for Stationary Sources of Air Pollution

By: Committee on Changes in New Source Review Programs for Stationary Sources of Air Pollution,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

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New Source Review for Stationary Sources of Air Pollution

The Clean Air Act established a pair of programs—known as New Source Review (NSR)—that regulate large stationary sources of air pollution, such as factories and electricity-generating facilities. Congress then asked the National Research Council to estimate the effects of NSR rule changes made in 2002 and 2003 in terms of the effects on emissions and human health, and changes in operating efficiency (including energy efficiency), pollution prevention, and pollution-control activities. New Source Review for Stationary Sources of Air Pollution provides insights into the potential effects of the rule changes on national emissions from the electric power industry. Although this book focuses on the 2002 and 2003 rules, its analytic framework applies to other possible changes in NSR and to other regulatory contexts. Helpful, in that it outlines the data-collection efforts needed to assess the impact of the NSR rules, the book recommends EPA and other government agencies undertake and sustain the recommended methods.

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342

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309102774

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9780309102773

The Airliner Cabin Environment

Air Quality and Safety

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Airliner Cabin Air Quality

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The Airliner Cabin Environment

Air Quality and Safety

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Airliner Cabin Air Quality

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320

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ISBN 10

0309073634

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9780309073639

The Airliner Cabin Environment and the Health of Passengers and Crew

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Air Quality in Passenger Cabins of Commercial Aircraft

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The Airliner Cabin Environment and the Health of Passengers and Crew

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Air Quality in Passenger Cabins of Commercial Aircraft

Although poor air quality is probably not the hazard that is foremost in peoples' minds as they board planes, it has been a concern for years. Passengers have complained about dry eyes, sore throat, dizziness, headaches, and other symptoms. Flight attendants have repeatedly raised questions about the safety of the air that they breathe. The Airliner Cabin Environment and the Health of Passengers and Crew examines in detail the aircraft environmental control systems, the sources of chemical and biological contaminants in aircraft cabins, and the toxicity and health effects associated with these contaminants. The book provides some recommendations for potential approaches for improving cabin air quality and a surveillance and research program.

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344

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309170230

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9780309170239

Toxicological and Performance Aspects of Oxygenated Motor Vehicle Fuels

By: Committee on Toxicological and Performance Aspects of Oxygenated Motor Vehicle Fuels,Commission on Life Sciences,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

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Toxicological and Performance Aspects of Oxygenated Motor Vehicle Fuels

By: Committee on Toxicological and Performance Aspects of Oxygenated Motor Vehicle Fuels,Commission on Life Sciences,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

This book reviews a draft report from the federal government that assesses the effects of oxygenated gasoline on public health, air quality, fuel economy, engine performance, and water quality. In addition to evaluating the scientific basis of the report, the book identifies research needed to better understand the impacts of oxygenated fuels. Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), which is intended to reduce carbon monoxide pollution during winter, is the most commonly used additive in the federal oxygenated fuels program. MTBE has been implicated in complaints by the public of headaches, coughs, and nausea. Other questions have been raised about reduced fuel economy and engine performance and pollution of ground water due to the use of MTBE in gasoline. The book provides conclusions and recommendations about each major topic addressed in the government's report.

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177

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ISBN 10

0309589479

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9780309589475

Book's by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Lead Emissions from Piston-Powered General Aviation Aircraft

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