What drives some governments to persevere in war at any price while others choose to stop fighting? It is often less-tangible political and economic variables, rather than raw military power, that ultimately determine national will to fight. In this analysis, the authors explore how these variables strengthen or weaken a government's determination to conduct sustained military operations, even when the expectation of success decreases or the need for significant political, economic, and military sacrifices increases. This report is part of a broader RAND Arroyo Center effort to help U.S. leaders better understand and influence will to fight at both the national level and the tactical and operational levels. It presents findings and recommendations based on a wide-ranging literature review, a series of interviews, 15 case studies (including deep dives into conflicts involving the Korean Peninsula and Russia), and reviews of relevant modeling and war-gaming. The authors propose an exploratory model of 15 variables that can be tailored and applied to a wide set of conflict scenarios and drive a much-needed dialogue among analysts conducting threat assessments, contingency plans, war games, and other efforts that require an evaluation of how future conflicts might unfold. The recommendations should provide insights into how leaders can influence will to fight in both allies and adversaries."--Publisher's description.
What drives some governments to persevere in war at any price while others choose to stop fighting? It is often less-tangible political and economic variables, rather than raw military power, that ultimately determine national will to fight. In this analysis, the authors explore how these variables strengthen or weaken a government's determination to conduct sustained military operations, even when the expectation of success decreases or the need for significant political, economic, and military sacrifices increases. This report is part of a broader RAND Arroyo Center effort to help U.S. leaders better understand and influence will to fight at both the national level and the tactical and operational levels. It presents findings and recommendations based on a wide-ranging literature review, a series of interviews, 15 case studies (including deep dives into conflicts involving the Korean Peninsula and Russia), and reviews of relevant modeling and war-gaming. The authors propose an exploratory model of 15 variables that can be tailored and applied to a wide set of conflict scenarios and drive a much-needed dialogue among analysts conducting threat assessments, contingency plans, war games, and other efforts that require an evaluation of how future conflicts might unfold. The recommendations should provide insights into how leaders can influence will to fight in both allies and adversaries."--Publisher's description.
An intellectual history of sovereignty that reveals how the Habsburg Empire became a crucible for our contemporary world order Sprawled across the heartlands of Europe, the Habsburg Empire resisted all the standard theories of singular sovereignty. The 1848 revolutions sparked decades of heady constitutional experimentation that pushed the very concept of “the state” to its limits. This intricate multinational polity became a hothouse for public law and legal philosophy and spawned ideas that still shape our understanding of the sovereign state today. The Life and Death of States traces the history of sovereignty over one hundred tumultuous years, explaining how a regime of nation-states theoretically equal under international law emerged from the ashes of a dynastic empire. Natasha Wheatley shows how a new sort of experimentation began when the First World War brought the Habsburg Empire crashing down: the making of new states. Habsburg lands then became a laboratory for postimperial sovereignty and a new international order, and the results would echo through global debates about decolonization for decades to come. Wheatley explores how the Central European experience opens a unique perspective on a pivotal legal fiction—the supposed juridical immortality of states. A sweeping work of intellectual history, The Life and Death of States offers a penetrating and original analysis of the relationship between sovereignty and time, illustrating how the many deaths and precarious lives of the region’s states expose the tension between the law’s need for continuity and history’s volatility.
Working Subjects in Early Modern English Drama investigates the ways in which work became a subject of inquiry on the early modern stage and the processes by which the drama began to forge new connections between labor and subjectivity in the period. The essays assembled here address fascinating and hitherto unexplored questions raised by the subject of labor as it was taken up in the drama of the period: How were laboring bodies and the goods they produced, marketed and consumed represented onstage through speech, action, gesture, costumes and properties? How did plays participate in shaping the identities that situated laboring subjects within the social hierarchy? In what ways did the drama engage with contemporary discourses (social, political, economic, religious, etc.) that defined the cultural meanings of work? How did players and playwrights define their own status with respect to the shifting boundaries between high status/low status, legitimate/illegitimate, profitable/unprofitable, skilled/unskilled, formal/informal, male/female, free/bound, paid/unpaid forms of work? Merchants, usurers, clothworkers, cooks, confectioners, shopkeepers, shoemakers, sheepshearers, shipbuilders, sailors, perfumers, players, magicians, servants and slaves are among the many workers examined in this collection. Offering compelling new readings of both canonical and lesser-known plays in a broad range of genres (including history plays, comedies, tragedies, tragi-comedies, travel plays and civic pageants), this collection considers how early modern drama actively participated in a burgeoning, proto-capitalist economy by staging England's newly diverse workforce and exploring the subject of work itself.
Schrodinger’s Cat was a science blog set out to debunk the science misinformation that was and is rampant on social media, as well as be a credible and trusted source to answer all of readers’ science questions, such as: - What makes fireworks different colours? - How do birds find their way when migrating? - What is a GMO? - Is it possible to recreate Frankenstein’s Monster? - What causes that Thanksgiving day “turkey coma”? - What is healthier? Eating meat or being vegan? - Is green energy more efficient, and how much would a city need to power itself? - Can sunscreen really give you cancer? - How far away are we from having a zoo full of extinct animals? - Is the science and technology in my favourite movie/video game even possible? - Did they actually find water on Mars? - Why are the InSight and Parker Solar Probe missions so important? All of this and more are answered in “From The Vault of Schrodinger’s Cat”, a collection of readers’ favourite posts from the beloved blog, Schrodinger’s Cat, including footnotes of updates of how the science has progressed since the post was released and extensive works cited and resources to provide the same level of transparency, dedication to fact-checking, and search for knowledge that the readers of Schrodinger’s Cat have come to know.
This issue highlights the advances in neurological treatments for dogs and cats. Articles include: New Treatment Modalities for Brain Tumors in Dogs and Cats, Altered Mental Status in Dogs and Cats: Stupor and Coma, Steroid Use in Veterinary Neurology, Hereditary Ataxia and Paroxysmal Movement Disorders in Dogs and Cats, Paroxysmal Movement Disorders in Dogs and Cats, Cluster Seizures and Status Epilepticus, Aging in the canine and feline brain, Acute Spinal Cord Injury: Tetraparesis and Paraparesis, Meningoencephalitis of Unknown Etiology, and more!
This book focuses on the functional significance of targeting apoptosis for the treatment of prostate cancer. New concepts on the challenges relating to the development of resistance by androgen-independent tumors are introduced, in terms of the contribution of anoikis and cross-talk of androgens with key growth factor signaling pathways. This volume also provides insightful discussion on the exploitation of the apoptotic and angiogenic synergism towards complete eradication of prostate tumors. Last but not least, it includes reflections on the drug development challenge based on the analysis of data from existing clinical trials.
This book examines the factors that need to be taken into account when planning for ‘educational reconstruction’ in post-crisis situations. ‘Crisis’ is taken to cover war, natural disaster or extreme political upheaval. The study takes the form of a mapping exercise, identifying the main areas of concern and providing checklists for action on the part of the various agencies assisting in the processes of reconstruction.
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