This self-contained book addresses the need for analysis, characterization, estimation, and optimization of the various forms of power dissipation in the presence of process variations of nano-CMOS technologies. The authors show very large-scale integration (VLSI) researchers and engineers how to minimize the different types of power consumption of digital circuits. The material deals primarily with high-level (architectural or behavioral) energy dissipation.
Whenever leisure permits, gaze up at the sky, particularly at the fluffy clouds drifting high above. Their constantly shifting forms, gently nudged by upper breezes, merge, disintegrate, and reassemble in an endless dance. The blue canopy transforms daily into a kaleidoscope of hues, captivating our attention and profoundly influencing our moods. An overcast sky can dampen spirits, while a vibrant sky lifts them. Similarly, life unfolds uniquely each day, with diverse experiences and encounters leaving lasting impressions. Our reactions and responses vary, colouring our lives with distinct shades of joy and sorrow. No two days are same, nor two individuals similar. Existing under the same sky yet our lives are different, as though we inhabit totally separate worlds. 'Different Skies' draws parallels between the sky's varied hues and the diverse realities of its characters, weaving a metaphorical tapestry of their experiences, emotions, and thoughts, alluding beautifully to the parallels between nature and life's complexities.
Many modern computer systems, including homogeneous and heterogeneous architectures, support shared memory in hardware. In a shared memory system, each of the processor cores may read and write to a single shared address space. For a shared memory machine, the memory consistency model defines the architecturally visible behavior of its memory system. Consistency definitions provide rules about loads and stores (or memory reads and writes) and how they act upon memory. As part of supporting a memory consistency model, many machines also provide cache coherence protocols that ensure that multiple cached copies of data are kept up-to-date. The goal of this primer is to provide readers with a basic understanding of consistency and coherence. This understanding includes both the issues that must be solved as well as a variety of solutions. We present both high-level concepts as well as specific, concrete examples from real-world systems. This second edition reflects a decade of advancements since the first edition and includes, among other more modest changes, two new chapters: one on consistency and coherence for non-CPU accelerators (with a focus on GPUs) and one that points to formal work and tools on consistency and coherence.
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