Nadja Bohme's Books

Climate Change and Select Financial Instruments:An Overview of Opportunities and Challenges for Sub-Saharan Africa

By: Anna Belianska,Nadja Bohme,Kailhao Cai,Yoro Diallo,Saanya Jain,Mr. Giovanni Melina,Ms. Pritha Mitra,Mr. Marcos Poplawski Ribeiro,Solo Zerbo

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Climate Change and Select Financial Instruments:An Overview of Opportunities and Challenges for Sub-Saharan Africa

By: Anna Belianska,Nadja Bohme,Kailhao Cai,Yoro Diallo,Saanya Jain,Mr. Giovanni Melina,Ms. Pritha Mitra,Mr. Marcos Poplawski Ribeiro,Solo Zerbo

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is the region in the world most vulnerable to climate change despite its cumulatively emitting the least amount of greenhouse gases. Substantial financing is urgently needed across the economy—for governments, businesses, and households—to support climate change adaptation and mitigation, which are critical for advancing resilient and green economic development as well as meeting commitments under the Paris Agreement. Given the immensity of SSA’s other development needs, this financing must be in addition to existing commitments on development finance. There are many potential ways to raise financing to meet adaptation and mitigation needs, spanning from domestic revenue mobilization to various forms of international private financing. Against this backdrop, SSA policymakers and stakeholders are exploring sources of financing for climate action that countries may not have used substantially in the past. This Staff Climate Note presents some basic information on opportunities and challenges associated with these financing instruments.

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International Monetary Fund

Published Date

ISBN 13

9798400225208

Microemulsions as stepping stones to greener organic chemistry

By: Nadja Wulff

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Microemulsions as stepping stones to greener organic chemistry

By: Nadja Wulff

In organic chemistry the simultaneous solubility of hydrophobic and hydrophilic reactants in a common solvent is an ubiquitous problem. Often either an expensive or a toxic solvent is needed. Alternatively, polar and non polar components are mixed into macroemulsions permitting them to react across the internal interface. However, macroemulsions display a comparatively small interfacial area. Thus, the reaction rate is low. Microemulsions feature an inherent vast interfacial area which facilitates significantly higher reaction rates. Furthermore, they allow a rather simple monitoring of the reaction kinetics by observing changes in the phase behavior. In this work the advantages of microemulsions as efficient reaction media for the photochemically induced Paternò Büchi reaction of pyruvic acid and 1 octene are elucidated. The amphiphilic reaction product 3 hexyl 2 methyloxetane 2 carboxylic acid influences the phase behavior of the microemulsion system significantly. With increasing UV exposure time the point of highest efficiency was shifted to lower temperatures and, interestingly, an increase of efficiency was detected. Hence, the newly created amphiphile acts as an efficient, hydrophobic cosurfactant. Additionally, with small angle neutron scattering and freeze fracture electron microscopy it was shown that the bicontinuous microstructure survives the UV irradiation. Another route towards green organic chemistry was opened by characterization of two new sustainable biosurfactants (mannosylerythritollipids (MEL) and cellobioselipids (CL)) in microemulsions.

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