This book showcases how the People's Republic of China (PRC) has been utilizing the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) to reshape the global order. Dissecting China's increasingly assertive international behaviour, the book demonstrates how the PRC projects its self-perception onto the international order. The book outlines five aspects of China's international role projection, which the PRC applies selectively, depending on its target audience: (1) The bearer of traditional Chinese culture; (2) The humiliated nation; (3) The socialist state with Chinese characteristics; (4) The developing state and promoter of international development; (5) The authoritarian globalization optimist.Drawing on an in-depth analysis of hundreds of primary BRI documents, the book offers a comprehensive overview of China's most crucial foreign policy agenda item. It demonstrates how, through the BRI, the PRC has introduced mechanisms to the international level, which reflect its domestic policy-making mode. In addition, the PRC has institutionalized the initiative by establishing China-centered BRI networks across a wide range of policy areas. Within those emerging China-centered BRI networks, the PRC systematically increases its international discursive power, for example, by inserting Chinese vocabulary into UN resolutions or by promoting Beijing's approaches vis-à-vis 'the rule of law' across a range of developing states. This book also further discusses the implications of the BRI for the international legal order.
Inhaltsangabe:Introduction: India and China are the raising giants of the 21st century. Both countries are ancient civilizations with a rich cultural heritage. Their interactions date back more than 2000 years, when Buddhism got introduced to China through various channels of the Sutra-Route, followed by economic interactions during the Silk Road period . Both countries perceived themselves as the center of their known universe and both countries suffered defeat from European colonial powers. After independence in 1949 and 1947 respectively China (independence indicating the Communist revolution causing Jiang Kai-shek to flee to Taiwan) and India choose the same approach of autarkic state controlled economic development . At the Bandung Conference in 1955, China and India called each other brothers . The Sino-Indian border war of 1962, actually being the aftermath of British dominion over Asia caused a deep-rooted split between the two nations and Asia . Mistrust remained and the border issue has not been solved. In 1978 and 1991 respectively China and India turned themselves towards the global economy, leading to a still ongoing integration and reform process . However, since China s reform started 13 years earlier than India s, various asymmetries exist between the two Asian giants. Economic indicators reveal that China is not only more than one decade ahead of India, it is also gaining distance . Regarding global integration, China has become a core player in the global economic structure, while the same cannot generally be said about India. Another difference between China and India is the way they are governed. India is a democracy , while China is ruled by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) . As a result China is considered more pragmatic in its decision making process compared to India . On the other side India s system could be considered superior to China s in terms of exogenous shock resistance, for instance in a period of economic recession, China has not experienced since the beginning of reform. India hosts many unused resources and has a demographic advantage . Therefore it is quite likely that in the future India s role in the world will be equal to China s. Sino-Indian relations have been following the pattern of a roller-coaster ride. In 2005 a Strategic Partnership Agreement was signed between India and China . However since that event mistrust has dominated their relationship again . Asymmetries in perception are also [...]
Academics, students, the media and the public have been increasingly drawn to China and India in recent years. Both countries were considered sleeping giants and are now turning into the motors of global economic growth. China and India are both ancient civilizations with a rich history and were among the largest economic powers until European colonization in the 19th century. After Indian independence in 1947 and the establishment of the Peoples Republic of China in 1949 both countries shared the view that economic development should be achieved through a self-sustaining economy led and controlled by the government. In the following decades the share of Chinese and Indian global trade decreased significantly. Economic reform in China and India in 1978 and 1991 respectively resulted in an increasing integration into global markets and triggered large economic growth. It is very important to note that although China and India are both rising at the same point of time, they are rising in a different pace. China outperforms India in almost every indicator of economic development. It is the key aim of this study to point out this asymmetry between China and India. Another question is, if India is capable of catching up with China in the future and its effects to Sino-Indian relations. Die Rolle von China und Indien in der Welt hat sich in den letzten Jahren sehr stark gewandelt. Aus Bittstellern wurden Gläubiger und Motoren für das globale Wirtschaftswachstum. Dieses Buch setzt sich mit den ökonomischen Asymmetrien die zwischen Indien und China existieren auseinander. Ein historischer Überblick über die mehr als 2000 Jahre zurückreichenden ökonomischen Beziehungen ist der Ausgangspunkt der Studie. Beide Volkswirtschaften werden anhand von ökonomischen Indikatoren wie Wirtschaftswachstum, Reduzierung von Armut, Integration in internationale Märkte, demographischer Wandel, institutionelle Herausforderungen usw. miteinander verglichen. In einem zweiten Schritt werden die bilateralen Handelsbeziehungen zwischen Indien und China genau analysiert. Mit Hilfe einfacher ökonomischer Methodik werden Gebiete für Kooperation und Konflikte herausgearbeitet und die gegenseitige Wahrnehmung als Handelspartner analysiert. In einem dritten Schritt werden China und Indien im globalen Handel betrachtet. Hierfür wird die Bedeutung von China und Indien als Import- und Exportpartner für die Welt beschrieben und die am häufigsten gehandelten Produkte systematisch aufgelistet. Dabei lässt sich erkennen in welchen geographischen Gebieten und bei welchen Gütern indisch-chinesische Kooperationen oder Konflikte zu erwarten sind. Eine dynamische Analyse untersucht, ob Indien seinen Rückstand auf China aufholen kann und liefert eine Prognose für zukünftige sino-indische Wirtschaftsbeziehungen.
The First World War massively changed the scale and nature of the "military veteran question" in Europe. The enormous impact of mass deaths and destruction, the demise of old empires, and the rise of new nation states resulting from total war made the fate of ex-soldiers into a key issue that shaped all societies in interwar Europe. The unprecedented number of combatants, together with the severity and frequency of injuries incurred in industrialized warfare, meant that the relationship between ex-soldiers and the state became a crucial issue for all governments, raising major questions about welfare provisions, social policy, party politics and national memory cultures. While there has been much recent research on war veterans in Germany and other European countries, other regions of Central and East-Central Europe have attracted noticeably less attention. For this reason, this special issue presents research on the comparative history of World War One veterans in Austria and Czechoslovakia. This transnational investigation breaks new ground by investigating two neighbouring states that showed distinct patterns of immediate post-war reconstruction, as well as of subsequent development.
First Published in 1996. This volume reprints pieces from the Vienna Circle period between the manifesto and the adoption of semantics, as well as two commentaries. During this period, the logical empiricists were the most ambitious and the most confident about the success of their enterprise. The first section consists of four ideological classics, The second section reprints three papers on physicalism. The third section consists of three papers on logic and the fourth on reprints three papers on truth, induction, and confirmation.
This book presents the third edition (1920) of Moritz Schlick's introduction to the special and general theories of relativity, side-by-side with the English translation by Henry L. Brose, published that same year. It will be useful to students of physics and the history of science who wish to approach the literature in German directly, as well as students of German who are curious about the subject.
First published in Germany in 1918, this acutely reasoned treatise attacks many of philosophy's contemporary sacred cows, including the concept of metaphysics and Kant's arguments for synthetic a priori knowledge. The book expounds most of the doctrines that would later be identified with the "classical period" of the Vienna Circle. Unlike many of his peers, Schlick displays a detailed and sensitive knowledge of the traditions he criticizes, displayed here in the chief work of this pioneering Viennese philosopher.
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