The book reports modeling and simulation techniques for substrate noise coupling effects in RFICs and introduces isolation structures and design guides to mitigate such effects with the ultimate goal of enhancing the yield of RF and mixed signal SoCs. The book further reports silicon measurements, and new test and noise isolation structures. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first title devoted to the topic of substrate noise coupling in RFICs as part of a large SoC.
This book will introduce design methodologies, known as Built-in-Self-Test (BiST) and Built-in-Self-Calibration (BiSC), which enhance the robustness of radio frequency (RF) and millimeter wave (mmWave) integrated circuits (ICs). These circuits are used in current and emerging communication, computing, multimedia and biomedical products and microchips. The design methodologies presented will result in enhancing the yield (percentage of working chips in a high volume run) of RF and mmWave ICs which will enable successful manufacturing of such microchips in high volume.
CMOS PLLs and VCOs for 4G Wireless is the first book devoted to the subject of CMOS PLL and VCO design for future broadband 4th generation wireless devices. These devices will be handheld-centric, requiring very low power consumption and small footprint. They will be able to work across multiple bands and multiple standards covering WWAN (GSM,WCDMA) ,WLAN(802.11 a/b/g) and WPAN(Bluetooth) with different modulations, channel bandwidths , phase noise requirements ,etc. As such, this book discusses design, modeling and optimization techniques for low power fully integrated broadband PLLs and VCOs in deep submicron CMOS. First, the PLL and VCO performances are studied in the context of the chosen multi-band multi-standard, radio architecture and the adopted frequency plan. Next a thorough study of the design requirements for broadband PLL/VCO design is conducted together with modeling techniques for noise sources in a PLL and VCO focusing on optimization of integrated phase noise for multi-carrier OFDM 64-QAM type applications. Design examples for multi-standard 802.111a/b/g as well as for GSM/WCDMA are fully described and experimental results from 0.18 micron CMOS test chips have demonstrated the validity of the proposed design and optimization techniques. Equally important the work describes techniques for robust high volume production of RF radios in general and for integrated PLL/VCO design in particular including issues such as supply sensitivity, ground bounce and calibration mechanisms. CMOS PLLS and VCOs for 4G Wireless will be of interest to graduate students in electrical and computer engineering, design managers and RFIC designers in wireless semiconductor companies.
Good engineers never stop looking for opportunities to improve the performance of their production systems. Performance enhancement methods are always carefully examined, and production data is analyzed in order to identify determining factors affecting performance.The two main activities of the production engineer in the petroleum and related industries are reservoir stimulation and artificial lift. The classic solution to maximizing a well's productivity is to stimulate it. The basis for selecting stimulation candidates should be a review of the well's actual and theoretical IPR. Low permeability wells often need fracturing on initial completion. In low permeability zones, additional post stimulation production can be significant to the economics, however, the production engineer needs to make management aware of the true long term potential or else overly optimistic projections can easily be made.The main purpose of stimulation is to enhance the property value by the faster delivery of the petroleum fluid and/or to increase ultimate economic recovery. The aim of reservoir stimulation is to bypass near-wellbore damage and return a well to its “natural” productivity / injectivity, to extend a conductive path deep into a formation and thus increase productivity beyond the natural level and to produce hydrocarbon from tight formation.The importance of reservoir stimulation is increasing due to following reasons: • Hydrocarbon fields in their mid-life• Production in these fields are in declining trend• The thrust area: Enhancement of productionHence, to improve productivity of the well matrix stimulation and hydraulic fracturing are intended to remedy, or even improve, the natural connection of the wellbore with the reservoir, which could delay the need for artificial lift.This book presents procedures taken in the Oil & Gas Industry for identifying well problems, and it suggests means of solving problems with the help of the Coil Tube unit which is used for improving well productivity and techniques like Acidizing and Hydraulic Fracturing.
This book describes power management integrated circuits (PMIC), for power converters and voltage regulators necessary for energy efficient and small form factor systems. The authors discuss state-of-the-art PMICs not only for battery powered wearable devices, but also energy harvesting-based devices. The circuits presented support voltage scaling to reduce the overall average power consumption of a wearable device, resulting in longer device operating time. The discussion includes many designs, control techniques and approaches to distribute efficiently the power among different blocks in the device. • Demonstrates for readers how to innovate in designing power management integrated circuits (PMIC) suitable for wearable devices, powered by either battery or harvesting energy; • Introduces a dual outputs switched capacitor, using a single voltage regulator to minimize the area overhead and discusses the effect of having more than two outputs on the area and power efficiency; • Introduces a novel clock-less digital LDO regulator that eliminates the use of the clocked comparator and serial shift register in the conventional design; • Presents experimental results of energy harvesting-based power management units (PMU), using different combinations of power converters and voltage regulators, providing a guide for designers to select the appropriate option based on device requirements.
This book is devoted to the subject of adaptive techniques for smart analog and mixed signal design whereby fully functional first-pass silicon is achievable. To our knowledge, this is the first book devoted to this subject. The techniques described should lead to quantum improvement in design productivity of complex analog and mixed signal systems while significantly cutting the spiraling costs of product development in emerging nanometer technologies.
This book introduces power amplifier design in 22nm FDSOI CMOS dedicated towards 5G applications at 28 GHz and presents 4 state-of-the-art power amplifier designs. The authors discuss power amplifier performance metrics, design trade-offs, and presents different power amplifier classes utilizing efficiency enhancement techniques at 28 GHz. The book presents the design process from theory, simulation, layout, and finally measurement results.
This book presents techniques necessary to predict cardiac arrhythmias, long before they occur, based on minimal ECG data. The authors describe the key information needed for automated ECG signal processing, including ECG signal pre-processing, feature extraction and classification. The adaptive and novel ECG processing techniques introduced in this book are highly effective and suitable for real-time implementation on ASICs.
Well activation is one of the most important aspects in the oil and gas industries and nitrogen gas is predominately used. The gas, being light, is sent down the producing reservoir which will enhance the production or improve the flow of crude oil. In addition to the methods used to increase production there are several problems like sand production and water production from the producing wells. Sand production occurs when the destabilizing stresses at the formation face exceed the strength of the natural arching tendencies and/or grain-to-grain cementation strength. Ideally, during oil production, the formation should be porous, permeable and well consolidated through which hydrocarbons can easily flow into the production wells. But sometimes, especially during production from unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs, the produced hydrocarbons may also carry large amounts of sand into the well bore and sand entering production wells is one of the oldest problems faced by oil companies and one of the toughest to solve. These unconsolidated formations may not restrain grain movement, and produce sand along with the fluids especially at high rates. Water production is also a problem that many reservoir or production engineers face in day-to-day life. As engineers we should be able to decide whether water control solutions should be applied or not. The excess production of water is caused by the depletion of the reservoir and simply sweeps away most of the oil that the reservoir can produce. This book gives an information how well activation using nitrogen is carried out, and how sand control and water control issues can be resolved.
This book introduces the concept of voltage-controlled-oscillator (VCO)-based analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). Detailed explanation is given of this promising new class of high resolution and low power ADCs, which use time quantization as opposed to traditional analog-based (i.e. voltage) ADCs.
This is the first book on the subject of multi-standard wireless receivers. It covers both the analysis and design aspects of CMOS radio receivers, with primary focus on receivers for mobile terminals. The subject of multi-standard data converter design for base stations is also covered.
This book describes the design and implementation of an electronic subsystem called the frequency synthesizer, which is a very important building block for any wireless transceiver. The discussion includes several new techniques for the design of such a subsystem which include the usage modes of the wireless device, including its support for several leading-edge wireless standards. This new perspective for designing such a demanding subsystem is based on the fact that optimizing the performance of a complete system is not always achieved by optimizing the performance of its building blocks separately. This book provides “hands-on” examples of this sort of co-design of optimized subsystems, which can make the vision of an always-best-connected scenario a reality.
This book discusses the design and implementation of energy harvesting systems targeting wearable devices. The authors describe in detail the different energy harvesting sources that can be utilized for powering low-power devices in general, focusing on the best candidates for wearable applications. Coverage also includes state-of-the-art interface circuits, which can be used to accept energy from harvesters and deliver it to a device in the most efficient way. Finally, the authors present power management circuits for using multiple energy harvesting sources at the same time to power devices and to enhance efficiency of the system.
This book will introduce various power management integrated circuits (IC) design techniques to build future energy-efficient “green” electronics. The goal is to achieve high efficiency, which is essential to meet consumers’ growing need for longer battery lives. The focus is to study topologies amiable for full on-chip implementation (few external components) in the mainstream CMOS technology, which will reduce the physical size and the manufacturing cost of the devices.
Date palms emerge across the landscapes of Saudi Arabia, sprouting sacred fruit, creating the ideal oasis. The palm offers shelter and sustenance and is held in high esteem in the region. Dates are referenced throughout the Qur’an and some consider the palm as the tree of life and power. Harvesters in Saudi Arabia have honed their skills over the centuries ensuring the best product. Saudi Arabia is home to the world’s largest date palm oasis which is also a UNESCO’s Heritage site. A great pride of the country, dates are also the perfect coffee accompaniment.
Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) is characterized by a very high compressive strength which may reach more than 200 MPa. The behavior of this material under tension and compression actions has been established to be very brittle in nature. Discontinuous fibers (normally steel fibers) are usually added to the UHPC mix to introduce ductility. In order to investigate the beneficial effects of using fiber reinforced UHPC in structural members subjected to torsion, a series of experimental tests on 17 UHPC beams subjected to pure torsion were carried out. The test beams consisted of plain UHPC beams, UHPC beams reinforced with steel fibers only, UHPC reinforced with steel fibers and different combinations of traditional longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. The plain UHPC beams showed very brittle behavior, whereas the UHPC beams with steel fibers only showed a post cracking ductile behavior. The addition of little steel fiber volume (e.g. 0.5 %) to the plain UHPC beams enhanced the ductility. The enhancement at the ultimate capacity amounts to about 20 %. Meanwhile, the steel fibers with 0.9 % by volume showed much enhanced ductility and a maximum enhancement of the torsional carrying capacity up to 32 %. The addition of moderate steel fiber volume (e.g. 0.9 %) to one type of traditional reinforcement (either longitudinal or transverse) accomplished an effective post cracking torsional carrying mechanism. The steel fibers shows a tendency to replace the missing type of traditional reinforcement, however this should be confirmed by more tests and by using higher steel fiber volumes. A series of experimental tests on fiber reinforced UHPC prisms to investigate the post cracking shear strength and stiffness of the used UHPC mix (e.g. M3Q) was conducted. The results of these tests revealed that this fine grained UHPC mix has a weak post cracking shear behavior. The results of these tests were used later in the Finite Element (F.E) model. An analytical model based on the well known thin-walled tube analogy was developed in order to estimate the torsional carrying capacity of beams under pure torsion having different combinations of steel fibers and traditional reinforcement. The comparison between the test and model results showed very good agreement for all cases. A finite element model based on calibrated small scale tests was developed using ATENA F.E. package to predict the full load-deformation behavior of the test beams. The predictions of the model show very good agreement with the test results.
This text presents the design of data converters for emerging standards and introduces the underlying circuit design principles. It is an excellent reference for IC and mixed signal designers, design managers and project leaders in industry, particularly those in the wireless semiconductor industry.
As MOS devices are scaled to meet increasingly demanding circuit specifications, process variations have a greater effect on the reliability of circuit performance. For this reason, statistical techniques are required to design integrated circuits with maximum yield. Statistical Modeling for Computer-Aided Design of MOS VLSI Circuits describes a statistical circuit simulation and optimization environment for VLSI circuit designers. The first step toward accomplishing statistical circuit design and optimization is the development of an accurate CAD tool capable of performing statistical simulation. This tool must be based on a statistical model which comprehends the effect of device and circuit characteristics, such as device size, bias, and circuit layout, which are under the control of the circuit designer on the variability of circuit performance. The distinctive feature of the CAD tool described in this book is its ability to accurately model and simulate the effect in both intra- and inter-die process variability on analog/digital circuits, accounting for the effects of the aforementioned device and circuit characteristics. Statistical Modeling for Computer-Aided Design of MOS VLSI Circuits serves as an excellent reference for those working in the field, and may be used as the text for an advanced course on the subject.
TOPICS IN THE BOOK Assessment of Students’ Perceptions of the Mobile Application System for Checking Results Geogebra Software: Synergy That Improves Performance in Geometry Learning in Ogbomoso Education Zone of Oyo State Teacher Professional Development in the 21st Century An Investigation into School Leaders’ Perspective as Change Agents in the Implementation of the Performance Management System (PMS): Case of South East and Southern Regions’ Junior Secondary Schools in Botswana
Low-Voltage CMOS Operational Amplifiers: Theory, Design and Implementation discusses both single and two-stage architectures. Opamps with constant-gm input stage are designed and their excellent performance over the rail-to-rail input common mode range is demonstrated. The first set of CMOS constant-gm input stages was introduced by a group from Technische Universiteit, Delft and Universiteit Twente, the Netherlands. These earlier versions of circuits are discussed, along with new circuits developed at the Ohio State University. The design, fabrication (MOSIS Tiny Chips), and characterization of the new circuits are now complete. Basic analog integrated circuit design concepts should be understood in order to fully appreciate the work presented. However, the topics are presented in a logical order and the circuits are explained in great detail, so that Low-Voltage CMOS Operational Amplifiers can be read and enjoyed by those without much experience in analog circuit design. It is an invaluable reference book, and may be used as a text for advanced courses on the subject.
The Unveiling Origin of Mecca provides insights into the history of Kaaba (Ka’ba) in Mecca. The Ka’ba is the first house built on earth. It is one of the few and perhaps the only Islamic History books that looks at modern archaeological evidence and the Holy Quran and the history of the Quran to explore the proper location of the Ka’ba. The author notes that in the Holy Quran, Mecca, sometimes also called Becca, which words are synonymous, and signify “a place of great intercourse,” is undoubtedly one of the most ancient cities in the world. Some authors imagine it to be the Mesa, or Mesha, of the Scripture and that it deduced its name from one of Ishmael’s sons. It stands in a stony and barren valley, surrounded by mountains under the exact parallel with the Macoraba of Ptolemy, and about 40 Arabian miles from the sea 'Al Kolzom. There is a magnificent temple in the city, like the Colosseum at Rome. However, it is not made of such large stones but burnt bricks and round in the same manner. It has ninety or one hundred doors around it and is arched...upon entering the temple you descend ten or twelve steps of marble, and here and there about the said entrance there stand men who sell jewels and nothing else. Researching ancient Islam and the origin of Mecca, the author asserts that the Ka’ba is currently misplaced, contradicting the Holy Quran and Arabian geography. Although there are many Islamic scholars and Quran research Institutes throughout the world, sadly, none of them have yet verified the exact places, mountains surrounding Ka’ba, and its sacred area according to the Holy Quran.
Academic Paper from the year 2015 in the subject Film Science, grade: 4.0/4.0, University of Calicut, course: BA English Language and Literature, language: English, abstract: The emergence of a vibrant and creative film industry in Iran in the wake of the Islamic Revolution of 1979 is one of the most singular developments in the international film scenario in recent years. Carving out a niche for themselves, movies from Iran have widely been watched and discussed. Neorealism, a cinematic movement which brought about sweeping changes in world movie history is observed to have had a strong influence on the post-revolutionary Iranian cinema. This study attempts to outline the inter linking features of Italian and Iranian neorealisms by understanding the peculiar aspects of the movements and by analyzing Abbas Kiarostami’s ‘Where Is My Friend’s House’ for the neorealist elements.
Smart Networks comprises the proceedings of Smartnet'2002, the seventh conference on Intelligence in Networks, which was sponsored by the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) and organized by Working Group 6.7. It was held in Saariselkä, Finland, in April 2002. The conference series closely reflects the developments in networking.
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